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"documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:420-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Special article</span>" "titulo" => "Decalogue of best practices in vaccine communication between immunocompromised patients and healthcare professionals" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "420" "paginaFinal" => "423" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Decálogo de buenas prácticas en comunicación sobre vacunas entre pacientes inmunodeprimidos y profesionales sanitarios" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 709 "Ancho" => 709 "Tamanyo" => 50770 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Decalogue of good practices in vaccine communication between immunocompromised patients and healthcare professionals (downloadable format).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María Fernández-Prada, Rosario Cáceres Fernández-Bolaños, José Javier Castrodeza-Sanz" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Prada" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rosario" "apellidos" => "Cáceres Fernández-Bolaños" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Javier" "apellidos" => "Castrodeza-Sanz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S157698872400044X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacun.2024.05.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S157698872400044X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445146024000529?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24451460/0000002500000003/v1_202408300459/S2445146024000529/v1_202408300459/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S2445146024000657" "issn" => "24451460" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacune.2024.08.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-01" "aid" => "341" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:403-14" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Post COVID-19 era: Re-emergence of known and future (X) viral pathogens" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "403" "paginaFinal" => "414" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Era post COVID-19: Resurgimiento de los patógenos virales “X” conocidos y futuros" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1407 "Ancho" => 2008 "Tamanyo" => 353746 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pictorial representation of various factors resulting in global viral pandemics. Environmental changes like global warming may increase global temperature releasing new viruses entrapped in the polar ice. Such novel viruses may emerge and result in a dreadful global pandemic. Change in the ecology or environmental conditions due to human activities such as deforestation or fire alter the nature–host–virus interactome and forces the animal to migrate to the urban area resulting in interspecies transmission or spill-over resulting in the spread or global outreach of newer or recombinant viral pathogen pandemic. Viruses also undergoing continuous evolution for fitness or under vaccine pressure evolve to evade the immune system and to form more virulent strains resulting in widespread pandemics such as SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variant. Cross-country travel and viral research may result in the dissemination of the virus across the border either by commuting from an endemic to a new or non-endemic country, by war or bioweapon, or through accidental leakage. Unusual transmission has been reported in MPX through unnatural sex or altered food habits or behavioral habits where different exotic animals have been eaten, which may contain viruses like bats. Also export or import of such infected food creates the possibility of future pandemics.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Pryanka Thakur, Vikram Thakur, Monika Sapra, Sonakshi Srivastava, Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pryanka" "apellidos" => "Thakur" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vikram" "apellidos" => "Thakur" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Monika" "apellidos" => "Sapra" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sonakshi" "apellidos" => "Srivastava" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sanjay Kumar Singh" "apellidos" => "Patel" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445146024000657?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24451460/0000002500000003/v1_202408300459/S2445146024000657/v1_202408300459/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "An immune system fighting against pneumococcus" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "415" "paginaFinal" => "419" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Ruiz-Ruiz, E. Redondo Margüello" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Ruiz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cristina.ruiz@pfizer.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Redondo Margüello" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Equipo Médico Vacunas Pfizer, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Vacunación y Salud Internacional, Madrid Salud, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "af0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Un sistema inmune en guardia frente al neumococo" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respiratory infections are a major public health challenge and, despite most being immune-preventable, they are among the most frequent causes of death in Spain. Pneumonia in particular is the most notable respiratory disease in terms of number of deaths in Spain (with the exception of deaths due to COVID-19), having increased by 28.6% in the last year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. pneumoniae</span>), also called pneumococcus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This bacterium is naturally present, without causing disease, in the nasopharynx of children and adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However, to understand the mechanisms that trigger non-invasive clinical forms such as pneumonia or otitis, or invasive forms of pneumococcal disease (bacteraemic pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, etc.), it is important to understand the pathogenesis of the bacterium and the immune response generated after infection naturally or after vaccination.</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0030">Development of the topic</span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Pneumococcus as a coloniser</span><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nasopharyngeal colonisation is the main means of pneumococcal transmission, and its gateway to invasive infection. During the colonisation process, pneumococcus must contend with the host's defences (physical and immunological) and compete with other colonising organisms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> As part of the physical barriers, the first line of defence encountered by pneumococcus is the interaction with mucus, which contains antimicrobial peptides and immunoglobulins. Pneumococcus manages to overcome this barrier, thanks to its capsular polysaccharide which, being negatively charged, repels the mucopolysaccharides present in the mucus. In addition, using a combination of virulence factors such as metalloproteinase enzymes, it is able to eliminate the IgA immunoglobulins present in the mucus and prevent activation of the complement system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. pneumoniae</span> can gain access to the second physical barrier; the epithelial cells of the mucosa where it establishes itself as a coloniser. Pneumococcus binds to mucosal cells with various mucosal surface components, the expression of which increases in response to proinflammatory stimuli from the host.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This bacterium can also alter its phenotype through a process called phase shift, in which it changes from an ‘opaque’ phenotype with high expression of capsular polysaccharide to a ‘transparent’ phenotype, with reduced expression of the capsule, which facilitates colonisation of the nasopharynx.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> However, the presence of previous viral infections favours a proinflammatory environment in the nasopharynx and thus facilitates colonisation by pneumococcus. In this regard, several studies have shown that the interaction of pneumococcus in the nasopharynx with different viruses favours both viral infection and pneumococcal colonisation and invasive infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–14</span></a> Dagan et al. recently observed a relationship between respiratory syncytial virus infection and subsequent pneumococcal disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> a relationship also observed previously in the case of influenza.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Conversely, pneumococcal infection has also been associated with a decreased immune response to different viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> or the influenza virus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Thus, virus-bacteria co-infection could explain the spike in cases of invasive pneumococcal disease observed in Spain after the COVID-19 pandemic, coinciding with the increased circulation of respiratory viruses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15–17</span></a></p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The host immune system is activated to prevent colonisation by recruiting numerous components of the innate and adaptive immune system. In particular, Th17 lymphocytes appear to be particularly involved in the control of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. pneumoniae</span> colonisation, as they mediate the recruitment of neutrophils, an important defence mechanism against extracellular bacteria, stimulating the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and the production of antimicrobial substances.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18–20</span></a></p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in the childhood immunisation schedule has been associated with a significant decrease in pneumococcal disease in all age groups in the Spanish population, showing herd protection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> This protection is largely due to the effect of PCV on nasopharyngeal colonisation, which decreases transmission of the bacteria. These vaccines stimulate the production of memory B cells, which after differentiation into plasma cells produce IgG immunoglobulins in the mucosa that favour opsonophagocytosis of the bacteria; both elements are related to protection against colonisation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> IgA levels after PCV vaccination have not shown a clear correlation with the decrease in nasopharyngeal colonisation, probably due to the enzymatic degradation of this immunoglobulin by pneumococcus, as mentioned above.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Pneumococcus as a pathogen</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> is a natural coloniser of the human nasopharynx. However, different factors may favour its localised penetration into different host organs to cause non-invasive disease such as otitis or pneumonia, as well as progression to invasive disease such as bacteraemic pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. The proinflammatory environment and damage to the respiratory epithelium caused by previous viral infections that increase colonisation density are some of the factors favouring pneumococcal invasiveness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In addition, the capsular polysaccharide surrounding the bacterium plays a key role in its ability to cause disease. It has been shown that pneumococcus is able to increase the expression levels of its polysaccharide capsule to generate a more virulent phenotype (‘opaque’ phenotype), in which it hides the bacterial surface from immune system components such as antibodies or the complement system, making opsonophagocytosis by phagocytes more difficult.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The defence mechanisms of the immune system vary according to the site of disease caused by pneumococcus, and involve numerous components of the innate and adaptive immune system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the case of invasive disease, immunoglobulins or antibodies to bacterial membrane proteins and to capsular polysaccharide are particularly important due to the rapid progression of these forms of disease following infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The mechanisms involved in bacterial clearance are numerous and include bacterial neutralisation, stimulation of opsonophagocytosis of the pneumococcus by phagocytes, as well as bacterial clearance by natural killer cells and activation of the complement system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In the case of non-invasive diseases, such as otitis or pneumonia, which occur in mixed areas with a mucosal and systemic component, both antibodies and Th17 lymphocytes have been shown to play an important role in their prevention, similar to their role in the nasopharynx in preventing colonisation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programmes has had a major impact on both invasive and non-invasive forms of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> This is due to the immune response that PCVs trigger in vaccinated individuals; these vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In terms of the humoral response, conjugate vaccines generate IgG antibodies to a greater extent, which are particularly relevant for the prevention of pneumococcal disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However, when assessing the immunogenicity of PCVs, the quantitative measurement of IgG production by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is not the only parameter to be taken into account, but also the capacity of the antibodies produced to neutralise pneumococcus, activate the complement system, and stimulate opsonophagocytosis by phagocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In this regard, several studies indicate that there is no direct correlation between IgG titres and prevention of pneumococcal disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29–31</span></a> However, prevention does seem to be related to the production of opsonophagocytic antibodies. These are measured by the opsonophagocytic assay technique, which assesses antibody functionality in vitro by mimicking the mechanism of complement activation and opsonophagocytosis by phagocytes that occurs in vivo.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> An example of this correlation was seen during the approval of PCV13; this vaccine had a lower IgG antibody response measured by ELISA than PCV7 for serotypes 6B and 9V, but had a similar opsonophagocytic antibody response. Despite having a lower IgG response, PCV13 retained effectiveness against 6B and 9V, demonstrating a stronger association with opsonophagocytic antibodies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32–34</span></a></p><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the cellular response, it has been observed that after vaccination with PCV, effector T and B cells are activated, as well as memory cells that will allow protection to be maintained over time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Although the quantification and characterisation of memory B and T cells is not an easily standardised technique and therefore not routinely studied at present for the approval of new PCVs, there are indirect measurements of the memory response generated by these vaccines. Some studies, and even the World Health Organisation, suggest that a possible indicator of the presence of a memory immune response is the observation of an increase in IgG and/or opsonophagocytic antibody titres between the primary vaccination and the booster dose (known as the booster effect),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> which indirectly points to more extended protection over time and a decrease in nasopharyngeal colonisation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Conclusion</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> is a bacterium that causes complex disease in humans. In response, our immune system defends itself with a variety of elements, the relevance of which varies depending on the site of bacterial infection in the body. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, developed more than 2 decades ago to prevent pneumococcal disease caused by prevalent and epidemiologically relevant serotypes, have had a major impact in reducing the disease due to the complex immune response they trigger. Although various components of the immune system such as IgG production or opsonophagocytic antibody production are evaluated in the approval of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, only IgG production is considered in the primary targets of paediatric vaccine approval trials, which simplifies and possibly underestimates the extent of the complex immune response generated by these vaccines. Evaluation of other components such as opsonophagocytic antibodies (used for licencing of adult vaccines), related to the functional antibody response, or the booster effect, an indirect measure of the memory response, could give a more complete picture of the extent of immunity and protection generated by these vaccines.</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Funding</span><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they received no funding for this article.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2230954" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868180" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2230953" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868179" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Development of the topic" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Pneumococcus as a coloniser" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Pneumococcus as a pathogen" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-04-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-06-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868180" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Pneumococcus" 1 => "Pneumococcal vaccination" 2 => "Immune system" 3 => "Nasopharyngeal colonisation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868179" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Neumococo" 1 => "Vacunación antineumocócica" 2 => "Sistema inmune" 3 => "Colonización nasofaríngea" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pneumococcus is a common coloniser of the human nasopharynx. However, it can also cause human diseases such as otitis or pneumonia, which may progress into invasive forms such as bacteremic pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. This bacterium reaches and establishes itself in the nasopharynx through different mechanisms, which include evasion of the host immune system. Moreover, certain factors such as the coinfection with viruses favour colonisation, as well as the ability of pneumococcus to cause diseases. Our immune system responds to pneumococcal colonisation and infection through the innate and adaptive responses, which can be stimulated by pneumococcal vaccines. In the following article, we will briefly review the mechanisms of pneumococcal infection and how our immune system responds to it; as well as the immune response generated after vaccination and its impact on the prevention of pneumococcal disease.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El neumococo es un común colonizador de la nasofaringe humana. Sin embargo, en ocasiones puede causar enfermedades no invasivas como otitis o neumonías, que pueden progresar a formas invasivas de la enfermedad como neumonías bacteriémicas, meningitis o sepsis. Esta bacteria es capaz de establecerse en la nasofaringe mediante diversos mecanismos, que incluyen la evasión del sistema inmune del huésped. Además, ciertos factores como la coinfección con virus favorecen la colonización, así como la capacidad del neumococo para causar enfermedades. Por otro lado, nuestro sistema inmune responde a la colonización y a la infección por neumococo por medio de las respuestas innata y adaptativa, las cuales pueden ser estimuladas mediante vacunas antineumocócicas. En este artículo se revisan brevemente los mecanismos de infección del neumococo y la manera en la que nuestro sistema inmune se defiende de éste, así como la respuesta que se produce tras la vacunación y su impacto en la prevención de la enfermedad neumocócica.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="np4005">Please cite this article as: Ruiz-Ruiz C, Redondo Margüello E. An immune system fighting against pneumococcus. 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2024 October | 102 | 28 | 130 |
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2024 August | 99 | 21 | 120 |