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Vacunas (English Edition) Transmission dynamics and evolution of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) during the 2024 gl...
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Vol. 27. Issue 1.
(January - March 2026)
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Vol. 27. Issue 1.
(January - March 2026)
Review article

Transmission dynamics and evolution of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) during the 2024 global outbreak: implications for surveillance, treatment and vaccination

Dinámica y evolución de la transmisión del virus de la viruela del mono (Monkeypox virus - MPXV) durante el brote global de 2024: implicaciones Para la vigilancia, tratamiento y vacunación
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H. Fatimaa,
Corresponding author
hinafatimashah1@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M.M. Arifb, M.S. Chathab, Q. Alia, K. Batoolc
a Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Park Rd, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
b Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
c Quality Assurance Department, National Institute of Health, Park Rd, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, has emerged as a global public health concern following its widespread outbreaks in 2024. The virus rapidly spread to 117 countries, marking a significant shift from its traditionally endemic regions. This unexpected emergence in non-endemic areas has highlighted the need to update current knowledge regarding its transmission, epidemiology, and public health implications. This review evaluates the 2024 outbreak, emphasizing the virus's mutational evolution, transmission modes, and current monitoring and treatment strategies. Data were compiled from WHO reports, epidemiological databases, and recent genomic studies. Key variables such as the basic reproductive number (R₀), secondary attack rates, and case trends were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis and mutation profiling revealed over 300 mutations, including a new sublineage within Clade I, linked to increased transmissibility and immune escape. Human-to-human transmission occurred primarily through direct skin contact, with sexual transmission also playing a significant role. Environmental changes such as deforestation and pollution were identified as contributing factors in cross-species transmission. Surveillance tools, including RT-PCR, wastewater monitoring, and contact tracing, proved effective in outbreak control. Although MPXV is currently considered a moderate global health threat, urgent measures are required to prevent further spread. Strengthening diagnostic tools, advancing targeted therapies through biomarker-based approaches, and expanding vaccination efforts will be critical for future preparedness and control.

Keywords:
Monkeypox
Epidemiology
Transmission
Vaccine
Mutation
Resumen

El virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV), un orthopoxvirus zoonótico, ha surgido como preocupación global de salud pública tras sus brotes generalizados de 2024. El virus se propagó rápidamente a 117 países, marcando un cambio significativo desde sus regiones tradicionalmente endémicas. Esta emergencia inesperada en zonas no endémicas ha subrayado la necesidad de actualizar el conocimiento actual sobre su transmisión, epidemiología e implicaciones para la salud pública. Esta revisión evalúa el brote de 2024, destacando la evolución mutacional, los modos de transmisión, la monitorización y las estrategias actuales del virus. Se recopilaron los datos de los informes de la OMS, bases de datos epidemiológicas y estudios genómicos recientes. Se analizaron variables tales como el número reproductivo básico (R₀), las tasas de ataques secundarios y las tendencias de casos. El análisis filogenético y el perfilamiento de la mutación revelaron más de 300 mutaciones, incluyendo un nuevo sublinaje dentro del Clado I, vinculado al incremento de la transmisibilidad y al escape inmunológico. La transmisión de humano a humano se produjo principalmente a través del contacto cutáneo directo, jugando también la transmisión sexual un papel significativo. Se identificaron los cambios ambientales tales como la deforestación y la polución como factores contributivos a la transmisión cruzada entre especies. Las herramientas de vigilancia que incluyeron RT-PCR, monitorización de las aguas residuales y rastreo de contacto demostraron su efectividad a la hora de controlar los brotes. Aunque MPXV se considera actualmente una amenaza moderada de salud global, se requieren medidas urgentes para prevenir una mayor dispersión. Será esencial fortalecer las herramientas diagnósticas, avanzar las terapias dirigidas mediante enfoques basados en biomarcadores y expandir los esfuerzos de vacunación para la capacidad de preparación y el control futuros.

Palabras clave:
Viruela del mono
Epidemiología
Transmisión
Vacuna
Mutación

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