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Vacunas (English Edition) Recent information about Mpox disease
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Vol. 27. Issue 1.
(January - March 2026)
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Vol. 27. Issue 1.
(January - March 2026)
Review article

Recent information about Mpox disease

Información reciente sobre la enfermedad Mpox
Visits
581
R. Dowrana,b,1, Z. Karimizadehc,1, A. Mohebbid, S.M. Jazayeria,b, F.S. Taghavie, M.J. Rasaeef,
Corresponding author
rasaee_m@modares.ac.ir

Corresponding author.
a Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
b Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
c Students’ Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
d Students’ Research Committee, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
e Students’ Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
f Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was first discovered in monkeys in a laboratory in Denmark in 1958, and the first human case was reported in Congo in 1970. It causes a disease called Mpox disease which is mainly characterized by rashes. Viral transmission occurs through body fluids, respiratory droplets, saliva, the content of vesicles, and lesions in addition to skin contact. Initially, Mpox was restricted to Africa, and sporadic cases outside Africa had a history of travel or links to Africa. The first outbreak outside Africa was in the US with the etiology of animal importation. The first outbreak of Mpox without any proven link to African sources was observed in 2022. The etiology of the recent increase in Mpox cases is an increase in animal reservoir population and animals’ adaptation to urban environments. MPXV is capable of crossing species and has a wide range of hosts; however, not all of them are specified currently. All mammals should be considered susceptible to MPXV, and investigating its new and unknown host should be seriously pursued. The recent discovery of Mpox outside Africa has shed light that health research is vital for preventing, controlling, and/or eradicating infectious diseases at their origins. The ability to monitor and respond to Mpox requires enhanced global preparedness. This is a comprehensive review of the discovery, history of the disease and transmission, immune system response and immune evasion, vaccination, and the possibility of turning into an outbreak with the countries at higher risk of infection.

Keywords:
Mpox
Pandemic
Monkeypox virus
Infection
Resumen

El virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV) fue descubierto por vez primera en monos en un laboratorio de Dinamarca en 1958, reportándose el primer caso en humanos en Congo en 1970. Causa una enfermedad denominada Mpox, caracterizada principalmente por erupciones. La transmisión viral se produce mediante fluidos corporales, gotitas respiratorias, saliva, contenido vesicular y lesiones, además de contacto cutáneo. Inicialmente, la Mpox quedó restringida a África, teniendo los casos esporádicos fuera de dicho continente antecedentes de viajes o nexos con el mismo. El primer brote fuera de África se produjo en EEUU, con etiología de importación de animales. El primer brote de Mpox sin vínculo probado a fuentes africanas fue observado en 2022. La etiología del incremento reciente de casos de Mpox es el aumento de la población de reservorios de animales y la adaptación de los mismos a los entornos urbanos. El MPXV es capaz de cruzar especies y tiene un amplio rango de huéspedes, aunque, sin embargo, no todos ellos están especificados actualmente. Todos los mamíferos deberán ser considerados susceptibles al MPXV, debiéndose perseguir encarecidamente la investigación de su nuevo y desconocido huésped. El descubrimiento reciente de Mpox fuera de África ha arrojado luz acerca de que la investigación sanitaria es esencial para prevenir, controlar y/o erradicar las enfermedades infecciosas en sus orígenes. La capacidad de vigilar y responder a la Mpox requiere mejorar la capacidad de preparación global. Esta es una revisión amplia del descubrimiento e historia de la enfermedad y su transmisión, la respuesta del sistema inmunitario y la evasión inmunitaria, la vacunación y la posibilidad de convertirse en un brote en los países con mayor riesgo de infección.

Palabras clave:
Mpox
Pandemia
Virus de la viruela del mono
Infección

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