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Inicio Vacunas (English Edition) Musculoskeletal and neuromuscular dysfunction due to covid-19 infection: A revie...
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Vol. 25. Issue 3.
Pages 355-366 (July - September 2024)
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Vol. 25. Issue 3.
Pages 355-366 (July - September 2024)
Review article
Musculoskeletal and neuromuscular dysfunction due to covid-19 infection: A review
Disfunción musculoesquelética y neuromuscular por infección por COVID-19: Una revisión
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Vivek Chauhana, Akash Pandeya, Adrija Rakshita, Gaytri Mahajana, Shamsher S. Kanwara,
Corresponding author
kanwarss2000@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Vivek Kumar Dhimanb, Devendra Singhc,
Corresponding author
devendrasingh.ibst@srmu.ac.in

Corresponding author.
a Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
b Department of Biotechnology, Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173 230, India
c Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Musculoskeletal diseases associated with SARS-COV-2 infection.
Table 2. Neuromuscular diseases associated with COVID-19.
Table 3. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by various cells.
Table 4. Mode of infection of COVID-19 to different sections of the nervous system when infected through the olfactory route.
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Abstract

The emergence of the novel coronavirus-based illness, COVID-19, in late 2019 marked a watershed moment in modern history. Initially identified in Wuhan, China, this viral epidemic swiftly transformed into a global pandemic, affecting worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially labeled the virus as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) and the ensuing disease as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 11, 2020. The spectrum of effects induced by COVID-19 encompasses a diverse array of conditions, ranging from sensory disturbances like anosmia and ageusia to more intricate manifestations, including headaches and, alarmingly, multiorgan failure and neuromuscular dysfunction, and even deaths were reported. COVID-19 triggers a vigorous inflammatory response characterized by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. “Cytokine storm” significantly underwrites the worsening of the condition of patients, resulting in abnormalities such as ARDS. The major reason behind mortality from COVID-19 is respiratory failure instigated by ARDS. Throughout the early respiratory contamination, SARS-CoV-2 was hypothesized to target type-II pneumocytes lining the respiratory passage that specifically expressed TMPRSS2 and ACE2 receptors. The extra-pulmonary consequences of COVID-19 have been linked to the occurrence of these receptors in the skeletomuscular and brain tissues. As a result, it is condemning to comprehend the unique pathophysiological mechanisms behind the virus's manner of invasion in the tissues and also the disease's consequences. In this article, we focus on the complications caused by COVID-19 on musculoskeletal and neural tissues, the route of invasion, and the future perspective of dealing with the receptors whose expression leads to COVID-19 infection.

Keywords:
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Musculoskeletal dysfunction
Neuromuscular dysfunction
Palabras clave:
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Disfunción musculoesquelética
neuromuscular Disfunción
Resumen

La aparición de la nueva enfermedad basada en el coronavirus, COVID-19, a finales de 2019 marcó un momento decisivo en la historia moderna. Inicialmente identificada en Wuhan, China, esta epidemia viral se transformó rápidamente en una pandemia global que afectó a todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) etiquetó oficialmente el virus como “Coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo” (SARS-CoV-2) y la enfermedad resultante como Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) el 11 de febrero de 2020. El espectro de efectos La enfermedad inducida por la COVID-19 abarca una amplia gama de afecciones, que van desde alteraciones sensoriales como la anosmia y la ageusia hasta manifestaciones más complejas, como dolores de cabeza y, de manera alarmante, insuficiencia multiorgánica y disfunción neuromuscular, e incluso se notificaron muertes. COVID-19 desencadena una vigorosa respuesta inflamatoria caracterizada por la sobreproducción de citocinas proinflamatorias. La “tormenta de citocinas” contribuye significativamente al empeoramiento de la condición de los pacientes, lo que resulta en anomalías como el SDRA. La principal razón detrás de la mortalidad por COVID-19 es la insuficiencia respiratoria provocada por el SDRA. Durante la infección respiratoria temprana, se planteó la hipótesis de que el SARS-CoV-2 se dirigía a los neumocitos tipo II que recubrían las vías respiratorias y que expresaban específicamente los receptores TMPRSS2 y ACE2. Las consecuencias extrapulmonares del COVID-19 se han relacionado con la aparición de estos receptores en los tejidos esqueletomusculares y cerebrales. Por lo tanto, es difícil comprender los mecanismos fisiopatológicos únicos detrás de la forma en que el virus invade los tejidos y también las consecuencias de la enfermedad. En este artículo nos centramos en las complicaciones que provoca la COVID-19 en los tejidos musculoesqueléticos y neurales, la ruta de invasión y la perspectiva futura de abordar los receptores cuya expresión conduce a la infección por COVID-19.

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