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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on gender-based violence homicides in Spain
Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 y el confinamiento en los homicidios por violencia de género en España
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Miguel Lorente-Acostaa,
Corresponding author
mlorente@ugr.es

Corresponding author.
, Miguel Lorente-Martínezb, Manuel Lorente-Martínezc
a Departamento de Medicina Legal, Toxicología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
b Unidad de Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
c Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
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Received 05 April 2021. Accepted 10 August 2021
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Table 1. Monthly distribution of homicides due to gender-based violence 2003–2020 (DGVG, 2021).
Table 2. Evolution of homicides during peak months of the first wave of the pandemic (April–July 2020) and the situation in August (DGVG, 2021).
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Abstract

Circumstances under COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown have reduced the number of gender-based violence homicides in 2020, with a total number of 45, the lowest in the historical statistics. Analysis of these circumstances generated by the lockdown and mobility reduction, together the economical negative impact, has produced an increment of 49,6% in the number of calls to 016 (telephone for victims’ assistance), and a reduction of 14,6% in the complaints of violence during the months of lockdown. This situation reflects a higher control of victims and more difficulties to exit from violence, that has decreased the number of homicides to 4 during these months, the lowest within Spanish statistics. These circumstances are compatible with an increment of risk of aggressions and lethality, factor that can be related with the increment of homicides limited to August, when the mobility and socio-labor opportunities were recovered. The study of the social circumstances originated by the pandemic allows to describe three different patterns in the impact on gender-based violence.

Keywords:
Gender-based violence
Covid-19
Pandemic
Lockdown
Homicides
Risk of lethality
Resumen

La situación creada por la pandemia por COVID-19 y el confinamiento han dado lugar a una disminución del número de homicidios por violencia de género en 2020 con 45 homicidios, el número más bajo de toda la serie histórica. El análisis de las circunstancias generadas por el confinamiento y la limitación de la movilidad en las fases posteriores, unidas al deterioro de la situación económica, son factores relacionados con el aumento de la violencia durante el segundo trimestre (meses del confinamiento), expresado en un incremento del 49,6% en el número de llamadas al 016, y en una disminución de las denuncias del 14,6% en esos mismos meses. Esta situación refleja el aumento del control y la disminución de oportunidades para salir de la violencia, que ha incidido en la disminución del número de homicidios, con 4 homicidios durante los meses de confinamiento, un número que nunca había sido tan bajo para un trimestre. La situación surgida es compatible con un incremento del riesgo de letalidad, factor que puede estar relacionado con el aumento de homicidios limitado al mes de agosto, coincidiendo con la recuperación de las circunstancias de movilidad y oportunidades socio-laborales. El estudio de las circunstancias sociales ocasionadas por la pandemia a lo largo de 2020 permite describir tres patrones de impacto sobre la violencia de género.

Palabras clave:
Violencia de género
Covid-19
Pandemia
Confinamiento
Homicidios
Riesgo de letalidad

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