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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) The effect of opioid-free anesthesia on postoperative pain in orthopedic surgery...
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Vol. 73. Issue 1.
(January 2026)
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Vol. 73. Issue 1.
(January 2026)
Original article

The effect of opioid-free anesthesia on postoperative pain in orthopedic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial

Efecto de la anestesia libre de opioides en el dolor postoperatorio en cirugía ortopédica: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados
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A. Bachtiar Effendia,
Corresponding author
andikabachtiar8@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, F. Cahya Ramadhana, G.D. Ica Manoharab, R.M. Laksonoc
a Medical Doctor, Medicine Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
b Medical Doctor, Master Program of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
c Department Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medicine Faculty, Brawijaya University, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
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Abstract
Background

Opioid-free anaesthesia (OFA) is increasingly recognized as a perioperative approach that may offer effective pain control with reduced risk of adverse effects. Considering that orthopaedic surgeries often lead to at least moderate postoperative pain, we assessed the effectiveness and safety of OFA in orthopaedic procedures.

Methods

We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and EuropePMC for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCT) and supplemented the data with citation tracking. Data were analysed using RevMan version 5.4. The risk of bias and the certainty of evidence were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool and the GRADE approach. The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251048348).

Results

Seven RCTs involving 408 patients were included. The intensity of postoperative pain measured in the post-anaesthesia care unit (mean difference [MD]: −0.08), at 24 h (MD: −0.06), and at 48 h (MD: −0.26) was not statistically significant. OFA reduced the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (RR: 0.37; P = .00001) and prolonged the time to first request for analgesia (MD: 25.60 min; P = .00001). Twenty-four-hour morphine consumption was comparable across groups (MD: −0.28; P = .76). OFA reduced the incidence of intraoperative hypotension (risk ratio [RR]: 0.56; P = .02) but increased the risk of intraoperative bradycardia (RR: 1.86; P = .04).

Conclusions

In orthopaedic surgery, OFA provides comparable pain control to opioid-based anaesthesia. It also reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and intraoperative hypotension, and prolonged the time to the first request for analgesia (statistically, but not clinically). However, the potential risk of bradycardia should be considered when using dexmedetomidine-based anaesthesia.

Keywords:
Opioid-free anaesthesia
Opioid-based anaesthesia
Orthopaedic surgery
Postoperative pain
PONV
Bradycardia
Resumen
Antecedentes

La anestesia libre de opioides (ALO) está cada vez más reconocida como enfoque perioperatorio que puede ofrecer control efectivo del dolor con reducción del riesgo de efectos adversos. Considerando que las cirugías ortopédicas causan dolor postoperatorio moderado, al menos, evaluamos la efectividad y seguridad de ALO en procedimientos ortopédicos.

Métodos

Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest y EuropePMC de ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) relevantes y suplementamos los datos con rastreo de citas. Analizamos los datos utilizando RevMan versión 5.4. Se evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo y la certidumbre de la evidencia utilizando la herramienta Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 y el enfoque GRADE. El estudio fue registrado en PROSPERO (CRD420251048348).

Resultados

Se incluyeron siete ECA que contenían 408 pacientes. La intensidad del dolor postoperatorio medida en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos (diferencia media [DM]: −0,08), a las 24 (DM: −0,06), y 48 horas (DM: −0,26) no fue estadísticamente significativa. ALO redujo el riesgo de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios (NVPO) (RR: 0,37; P = ,00001) y prolongó el tiempo hasta la primera solicitud de analgesia (DM: 25,60 minutos; P = ,00001). El consumo de morfina en veinticuatro horas fue comparable en los grupos (DM: −0,28; P = ,76). ALO redujo la incidencia de hipotensión intraoperatoria (ratio de riesgo [RR]: 0,56; P = ,02) pero incrementó el riesgo de bradicardia intraoperatoria (RR: 1,86; P = ,04).

Conclusiones

En cirugía ortopédica, ALO proporciona control del dolor comparable a la anestesia a base opioides. También redujo la incidencia de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios e hipotensión intraoperatoria, y prolongó el tiempo hasta la primera solicitud de analgesia (estadística, pero no clínicamente). Sin embargo, deberá considerarse el riesgo potencial de bradicardia al utilizar anestesia a base de dexmedetomidina.

Palabras clave:
Anestesia libre de opioides
Anestesia a base de opioides
Cirugía ortopédica
Dolor postoperatorio
NVPO
Bradicardia

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