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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass: prevalence...
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Vol. 73. Issue 3.
(March 2026)
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Vol. 73. Issue 3.
(March 2026)
Original article

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass: prevalence, predictors, and outcomes

Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica tras circulación extracorpórea: prevalencia, predictores y resultados
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J.J. Nuño-Pulidoa, R. Gopar-Nietob, G. Rojas-Velascoc, D. Manzur-Sandovalc,
Corresponding author
drdanielmanzur@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Cardiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
b Coronary Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
c Cardiovascular Critical Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
Highlights

  • Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) occurs in one-third of patients after cardiac surgery.

  • SIRS is linked to increased risks of vasoplegia syndrome, low cardiac output, and renal injury.

  • Early identification of SIRS and its hemodynamic implications enables timely interventions and improved risk stratification.

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Abstract
Background

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is a frequent and critical complication following cardiac surgery, particularly in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Although SIRS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, its impact on hemodynamic stability and postoperative outcomes remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SIRS in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez” and to explore its association with preoperative comorbidities, intraoperative factors, hemodynamic alterations, vasoactive drug requirements, and adverse outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective, observational study was conducted on 546 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB. Patients were classified into SIRS and no SIRS groups based on standard clinical criteria. Statistical analysis included normality testing (Shapiro-Wilk), comparisons of continuous and categorical variables (Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test), and logistic regression to identify predictors of outcomes.

Results

SIRS was present in 31.86% of patients upon ICU admission. The most frequent criterion was leukocytosis (69.05%), followed by tachycardia (33.88%). Patients with SIRS exhibited elevated inflammatory markers and increased requirements for vasoactive drugs. SIRS significantly increased the odds of several postoperative complications: mediastinal bleeding (OR 2.08, CI 1.24–3.48), vasoplegic syndrome (OR 1.79, CI 0.92–3.49), low cardiac output syndrome (OR 1.71, CI 1.02–2.85), acute kidney injury (OR 1.69, CI 1.15–2.48), and in-hospital mortality (OR 1.83, CI 0.90–3.72).

Conclusion

SIRS is a prevalent and clinically significant condition in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. The SIRS score is as a valuable risk stratification tool. Early identification and targeted interventions may improve patient outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed to refine predictive models and optimize management strategies.

Keywords:
SIRS
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardiac surgery
Inflammation
Vasoactive drugs
Postoperative complications
Resumen
Introducción

El síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS) es una complicación frecuente y crítica posterior a la cirugía cardíaca, particularmente en pacientes sometidos a circulación extracorpórea (CEC). Aunque se ha asociado con una mayor morbimortalidad, su impacto sobre la estabilidad hemodinámica y los desenlaces postoperatorios permanece poco claro. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia del SRIS en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con CEC en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez” y explorar su asociación con comorbilidades preoperatorias, factores intraoperatorios, alteraciones hemodinámicas, requerimientos de fármacos vasoactivos y complicaciones adversas.

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, en 546 pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con CEC. Los pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos (SRIS y no SRIS) con base en criterios clínicos estándar. El análisis estadístico incluyó prueba de normalidad (Shapiro-Wilk), comparación de variables continuas y categóricas (U de Mann–Whitney, chi cuadrado, exacta de Fisher) y regresión logística para identificar predictores de desenlaces.

Resultados

El SRIS se presentó en el 31.86% de los pacientes al ingreso a la UCI. El criterio más frecuente fue leucocitosis (69.05%), seguido de taquicardia (33.88%). Los pacientes con SRIS mostraron elevación de marcadores inflamatorios y mayores requerimientos de fármacos vasoactivos. El SRIS se asoció significativamente con un mayor riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias: sangrado mediastínico (OR 2.08, IC 95% 1.24–3.48), síndrome vasoplégico (OR 1.79, IC 95% 0.92–3.49), síndrome de bajo gasto cardíaco (OR 1.71, IC 95% 1.02–2.85), lesión renal aguda (OR 1.69, IC 95% 1.15–2.48) y mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR 1.83, IC 95% 0.90–3.72).

Conclusión

El SRIS es una condición prevalente y clínicamente relevante en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca en el periodo postoperatorio. El puntaje de SRIS constituye una herramienta valiosa para la estratificación del riesgo. La identificación temprana y las intervenciones dirigidas podrían mejorar los desenlaces clínicos. Se requieren estudios prospectivos adicionales para perfeccionar los modelos predictivos y las estrategias terapéuticas.

Palabras clave:
SRIS
Circulación extracorpórea
Cirugía cardíaca
Inflamación
Fármacos vasoactivos
Complicaciones postoperatorias

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