metricas
Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Effects of ultrasound-guided caudal versus perianal blocks on intraoperative ana...
Journal Information
Vol. 73. Issue 4.
(April 2026)
Cite
Cite
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
706
Vol. 73. Issue 4.
(April 2026)
Original article

Effects of ultrasound-guided caudal versus perianal blocks on intraoperative anal sphincter tone and postoperative analgesia during sphincter-sparing procedures: A randomized comparative trial

Efectos de los bloqueos caudales versus perianales guiados por ecografía en el tono intraoperatorio del esfínter anal y la analgesia postoperatoria durante los procedimientos con preservación del esfínter: un ensayo comparativo aleatorizado
Visits
706
A.M. Adel AbdelMoneim, M. Bassem Helmy, M. Adolf Helmy
Corresponding author
dr_mina20002010@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, O. Mohamed Asaad, A. Hassan Saleh, M.H. El-Sherbiny
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract
Background

Data comparing the effects of caudal epidural anaesthesia and perianal block during anal sphincter sparing procedures under general anaesthesia are limited. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided caudal block versus perianal block on anal sphincter muscle tone and in reducing postoperative pain among patients undergoing anal sphincter-sparing procedures.

Methods

This randomized double-blinded study enrolled 46 adult patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, who underwent anal sphincter sparing procedures under general anaesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups (23 patients each). Group A received an ultrasound-guided caudal block, while Group B received a perianal block. The primary outcome was duration of postoperative analgesia. Secondary outcomes included total postoperative morphine consumption, postoperative pain intensity, time to postoperative ambulation, intraoperative external anal sphincter muscle tone by Digital rectal scoring system (DRESS), patient satisfaction, and incidence of complications.

Results

Patients in group A had a statistically significant longer time to first request for analgesia and lower morphine consumption than those in group B (2.50 ± 0.27 vs. 1.57 ± 0.53 h, and 3.30 ± 2.18 mg vs. 5.87 ± 2.05 mg, P < .001). Although these differences are modest in magnitude, they may contribute to improved recovery when combined with multimodal analgesia strategies. Moreover, caudal block resulted in shorter time to ambulation (2.17 ± 0.38 vs 3.48 ± 0.53 h), and low numeric pain scores (1.96 ± 0.56 vs. 3.48 ± 0.66, P < .001). The DRESS and Likert scores were significantly higher in patients in group A than in group B (2.83 ± 0.38 vs. 2.22 ± 0.42, and 3.78 ± 0.42 vs. 2.48 ± 0.66, P < .001).

Conclusion

In anal sphincter-sparing operations, ultrasound-guided caudal epidural blocks combined with general anaesthesia may improve pain management, reduce opioid requirements, and thereby reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, while maintaining anal sphincter tone compared to local perianal block.

Keywords:
Caudal block
Perianal block
Anal sphincter sparing procedures
Post-operative analgesia
Anal sphincter muscle tone
Resumen
Antecedentes

Los datos que comparan los efectos de la anestesia epidural caudal y el bloqueo perianal durante procedimientos con preservación del esfínter anal bajo anestesia general son limitados. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo caudal guiado por ecografía frente al bloqueo perianal en el tono muscular del esfínter anal y en la reducción del dolor postoperatorio en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos con preservación del esfínter anal.

Métodos

Este estudio aleatorizado y doble ciego incluyó a 46 pacientes adultos, con estado físico I o II según la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos, que fueron sometidos a procedimientos con preservación del esfínter anal bajo anestesia general. Los pacientes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de dos grupos (23 pacientes cada uno). El Grupo A recibió un bloqueo caudal guiado por ecografía, mientras que el Grupo B recibió un bloqueo perianal. El resultado primario fue la duración de la analgesia postoperatoria. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron el consumo total de morfina postoperatoria, la intensidad del dolor postoperatorio, el tiempo hasta la deambulación postoperatoria, el tono muscular intraoperatorio del esfínter anal externo mediante el sistema de puntuación rectal digital (DRESS), la satisfacción del paciente.

Resultados

Los pacientes del Grupo A presentaron un tiempo significativamente mayor hasta la primera solicitud de analgésico y un menor consumo de morfina que los del Grupo B (2,50 ± 0,27 vs. 1,57 ± 0,53 horas, y 3,30 ± 2,18 mg vs. 5,87 ± 2,05 mg, P < ,001). Aunque estas diferencias son de magnitud modesta, pueden contribuir a una mejor recuperación cuando se combinan con estrategias de analgesia multimodal. Además, el bloqueo caudal resultó en un menor tiempo hasta la deambulación (2,17 ± 0,38 vs. 3,48 ± 0,53 horas) y una menor puntuación en la escala numérica de dolor (1,96 ± 0,56 vs. 3,48 ± 0,66, P < ,001). Las puntuaciones de DRESS y Likert fueron significativamente más altas en los pacientes del Grupo A que en los del Grupo B (2,83 ± 0,38 vs. 2,22 ± 0,42, y 3,78 ± 0,42 vs. 2,48 ± 0,66, P < ,001). No se observaron efectos adversos estadísticamente significativos con ninguno de los enfoques.

Conclusión

En las operaciones con preservación del esfínter anal, los bloqueos epidurales caudales guiados por ecografía combinados con anestesia general pueden mejorar el control del dolor, reducir los requerimientos de opioides y, por lo tanto, disminuir la incidencia de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios, al tiempo que mantienen el tono del esfínter anal en comparación con el bloqueo perianal local.

Palabras clave:
Bloqueo caudal
Bloqueo perianal
Procedimientos con preservación del esfínter anal
Analgesia postoperatoria
Tono muscular del esfínter anal

Article

These are the options to access the full texts of the publication Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition)
Subscriber
Subscriber

If you already have your login data, please click here .

If you have forgotten your password you can you can recover it by clicking here and selecting the option “I have forgotten my password”
Purchase
Purchase article

Purchasing article the PDF version will be downloaded

Purchase now
Contact
Phone for subscriptions and reporting of errors
From Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. (GMT + 1) except for the months of July and August which will be from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Calls from Spain
932 415 960
Calls from outside Spain
+34 932 415 960
E-mail
References
[1]
H. Dudukgian, H. Abcarian, J. Mayol, P. De Nardi, S. Karandikar.
Why do we have so much trouble treating anal fistula?.
World J Gastroenterol, 17 (2011), pp. 3796-3801
[2]
S. Sirikurnpiboon.
Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and its modification: results from treatment of complex fistula.
World J Gastrointest Surg, 5 (2013), pp. 123-130
[3]
M. Arakawa, Y. Aoyama, Y. Ohe.
Block of the sacral segments in lumbar epidural anesthesia.
Br J Anaesth, 90 (2003), pp. 173-178
[4]
Y.J. Shon, J. Huh, S.S. Kang, S.K. Bae, R.A. Kang, D.K. Kim.
Comparison of saddle, lumbar epidural, and caudal blocks on anal sphincter tone: a prospective, randomized study.
J Int Med Res, 44 (2016), pp. 1061-1071
[5]
S. Chen, A. Wei, J. Min, L. Li, Y. Zhang.
Comparison of ultrasound-guided caudal epidural blocks and spinal anaesthesiafor anorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
Pain Ther, 11 (2022), pp. 713-721
[6]
W.-Y. Chou, C.-J. Hsu, J.-T. Cheng, et al.
Anesthetic effect of epidural anaesthesiawith cephalad or caudad catheterization for ankle surgery or hemorrhoidectomy.
[7]
M. Wiegele, P. Marhofer, P.A. Lönnqvist.
Caudal epidural blocks in pediatric patients: a review and practical considerations.
Br J Anaesth, 122 (2019), pp. 509-517
[8]
M. Babyigit.
The effect of adding morphine to intrathecal bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia in patients with perianal surgery.
Anatolian Curr Med J, 3 (2021), pp. 124-129
[9]
S. Hopewell, A.-W. Chan, G.S. Collins, et al.
CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials.
Lancet, 405 (2025), pp. 1633-1640
[10]
R. Saranga Bharathi, V. Sharma, A.K. Dabas, A. Chakladar.
Evidence based switch to perianal block for anorectal surgeries.
Int J Surg, 8 (2010), pp. 29-31
[11]
K.M. Kim, H.S. Kim, K.H. Choi, W.S. Ahn.
Cephalic spreading levels after volumetric caudal epidural injections in chronic low back pain.
J Korean Med Sci\., 16 (2001), pp. 193-197
[12]
B.A. Orkin, S.B. Sinykin, P.C. Lloyd.
The digital rectal examination scoring system (DRESS).
Dis Colon Rectum, 53 (2010), pp. 1656-1660
[13]
A. Abougabal, N. Nabil, N. Agiza, et al.
Efficacy of caudal block on postoperative analgesia during anal sphinctersparing procedures under general anesthesia.
Res Opin Anesth Intensive Care, 11 (2024), pp. 313-319
[14]
U.O. Gustafsson, M.J. Scott, M. Hubner, et al.
Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (eras®) society recommendations: 2018.
World J Surg, 43 (2019), pp. 659-695
[15]
M. Tan, L.S.C. Law, T.J. Gan.
Optimizing pain management to facilitate enhanced recovery after surgery pathways.
Can J Anaesth, 62 (2015), pp. 203-218
[16]
P. Vadhanan, I. Rajendran, P. Rajasekar.
Ultrasoundguided caudal epidural anaesthesiain adults for anorectal procedures.
Anesth Essays Res, 14 (2020), pp. 239-243
[17]
R. Gerjy, A. Lindhoff-Larson, R. Sjödahl, P.O. Nyström.
Randomized clinical trial of stapled haemorrhoidopexy performed under local perianal block versus general anaesthesia.
Br J Surg, 95 (2008), pp. 1344-1351
[18]
N. Rotigliano, I. Füglistaler, M.O. Guenin, et al.
Perianal block with ropivacaine as a supplement to anaesthesia in proctological surgery: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (PERCEPT).
Br J Surg, 107 (2020), pp. 960-969
[19]
J.S. Yoon, H.S. Kyu, J.K. Sei, S.K. Woo, B.K. Seong, B.J. Kim.
The feasibility of color doppler ultrasonography for caudal epidural steroid injection.
[20]
Y.H. Kim, H.J. Park, S. Cho, D.E. Moon.
Assessment of factors affecting the difficulty of caudal epidural injections in adults using ultrasound.
Pain Res Manag, 19 (2014), pp. 275-279
[21]
Z.I. Siddiqui, W.T. Denman, R. Schumann, A. Hackford, M.S. Cepeda, D.B. Carr.
Local anesthetic infiltration versus caudal epidural block for anorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
J Clin Anesth, 19 (2007), pp. 269-273
[22]
A.R. Wolf.
Effects of regional analgesia on stress responses to pediatric surgery.
Paediatr Anaesth, 22 (2012), pp. 19-24
[23]
N. Wang, Y. Fu, H. Ma, J. Wang, Y. Gao.
Advantages of caudal block over intrarectal local anaesthesiaplus periprostatic nerve block for transrectal ultrasoundguided prostate biopsy.
Pak J Med Sci, 32 (2016), pp. 982-986
[24]
A.F.A. Farag, M.Y. Elbarmelgi, M. Mostafa, A.N. Mashhour.
One stage fistulectomy for high anal fistula with reconstruction of anal sphincter without fecal diversion.
Asian J Surg, 42 (2019), pp. 792-796
asdasdasd
Article options
Tools
Supplemental materials