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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Angiotensin II in the treatment of distributive shock and identification of clin...
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Angiotensin II in the treatment of distributive shock and identification of clinical profiles with greater therapeutic benefit

Angiotensina II en el tratamiento del shock distributivo e identificación de perfiles clínicos con mayor beneficio terapéutico
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J. Nieves-Alonsoa,
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jesusmna@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, R. García-Álvarezb, A. Suárez-de-la-Ricaa
a Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

The cornerstone of vasopressor treatment for distributive shock is norepinephrine; however, the administration of high doses is associated with significant adrenergic toxicity and increased morbidity and mortality. Angiotensin II, a recently approved physiological alternative to norepinephrine within a multimodal vasopressor strategy, has the advantage of rebalancing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reducing catecholamine doses. This review analyses the role of angiotensin II in distributive shock, exploring its pharmacodynamic characteristics and its impact on haemodynamic stability. The evidence collected to date has identified specific groups that derive clinical benefit, particularly patients with acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or prior exposure to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors). Dynamic assessment tools, such as the AIMRITE (Angiotensin-II Initial MAP Response Index of Treatment Effect) index, may be useful for assessing early response to angiotensin II and supporting therapeutic decisions at an early stage. Ultimately, angiotensin II allows clinicians to implement personalised, safe therapeutic measures that are tailored to the complexity of the critically ill patient.

Keywords:
Angiotensina II
Noradrenaline
Sepsis
Distributive shock
Vasopressors
Resumen

El tratamiento vasopresor del shock distributivo se fundamenta en el uso de noradrenalina; sin embargo, la administración de dosis elevadas se asocia con una toxicidad adrenérgica significativa y un aumento de la morbimortalidad. La angiotensina II surge como una alternativa fisiológica dentro de una estrategia vasopresora multimodal, permitiendo restaurar el equilibrio del sistema renina/angiotensina/aldosterona y reducir dosis de catecolaminas. Esta revisión analiza el papel de la angiotensina II en el shock distributivo, explorando sus bases farmacodinámicas y su impacto en la estabilidad hemodinámica. La evidencia actual permite identificar grupos específicos que obtienen un beneficio clínico, especialmente en los pacientes con fracaso renal agudo, síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo o aquellos con una exposición previa a inhibidores del sistema renina/angiotensina (inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina). Asimismo, la integración de herramientas de valoración dinámica, como el índice Angiotensin-II Initial MAP Response Index of Treatment Effect (AIMRITE), puede ser útil para valorar la respuesta temprana a Ang II y apoyar decisiones terapéuticas precozmente. En última instancia, el empleo de la angiotensina II facilita la aplicación de una terapia personalizada y segura, adaptada a la complejidad del paciente crítico.

Palabras clave:
Angiotensina II
Noradrenalina
Sepsis
Shock distributivo
Vasopresores

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