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Inicio Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría Construct Validity of the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) in a Peru...
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Original Article
Available online 7 February 2024
Construct Validity of the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) in a Peruvian Sample During COVID-19 Lockdown and its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression Using Structural Equation Modeling
Validez de constructo del COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) en un tamaño de muestra peruana durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 y su relación con la ansiedad y la depresión utilizando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales
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Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzia,c,1,
Corresponding author
, Fabian Böttchera,1, Martín Arevalo-Floresb,c, Víctor Anculle-Araucob,c, Hever Krüger-Malpartidab,c
a Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
b Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia – Department of Psychiatry, Lima, Peru
c Mental Health Working Group of the Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Tables (3)
Table 1. General characteristics of the subsamples for the EFA and CFA phases.
Table 2. EFA factor loadings and communalities of principal axis analysis (Promax rotation) for the CPDI. A 2-factor solution was found (Factor 1=F1=“stress”, Factor 2=F2=“rumination”). Moreover, a positive correlation between the two factors was found (r=0.68; p<0.001).
Table 3. Hierarchical regression model of the predictors for depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms.
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Abstract
Background

The main aims of this study were to adapt the COVID-19 peritraumatic distress index (CPDI) to the Peruvian population and to establish a model explaining depression using CPDI values and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Finally, we sought predictive values of the obtained CPDI factors for depression and anxiety as a secondary aim.

Materials and methods

An exploratory factor analysis (n=300) was performed, followed by confirmatory factor analysis in a second phase (n=1135). To explain depression scores during the COVID-19 lockdown, we performed structural equation modeling (SEM). Finally, we performed a hierarchical regression model (HRM) to evaluate the amount of explained variance of the CPDI factors above depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic variables.

Results

A 2-factor solution (rumination and stress) for the CPDI (p<0.001; CFI=0.99) was found. Concerning the SEM, our model was able to explain 81% of the depression scores (p<0.001; CFI=0.98). Finally, in the HRM, rumination could explain 17% additional variance in depression (p<0.001) and 28% in anxiety (p<0.001). However, stress showed collinearity with depression and anxiety, not continuing for further HRM analysis.

Conclusions

Our results showed a 2-factor solution for the CPDI. Moreover, our SEM model showed that female sex, younger age, and incomplete education (with high COVID-related stress and anxiety) lead to more depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Finally, our HRM showed that people who frequently ruminate during the COVID-19 lockdown are more afraid and negatively affected.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Lockdown
Anxiety
Depression
Psychological distress
Latent class analysis
Factor analysis
Resumen
Antecedentes

Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron adaptar el COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) a la población peruana y establecer un modelo que explique la depresión utilizando valores de CPDI y síntomas de ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Finalmente, buscamos valores predictivos de los factores CPDI obtenidos para la depresión y la ansiedad como objetivo secundario.

Materiales y métodos

Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (n=300), seguido de uno confirmatorio en una segunda fase (n=1.135). Para explicar los puntajes de depresión durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, realizamos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Finalmente, realizamos modelos de regresión jerárquica (HRM) para evaluar la varianza explicada de los factores CPDI considerando depresión, ansiedad y variables sociodemográficas.

Resultados

Se encontró una solución de 2 factores (rumiación y estrés) para el CPDI (p<0,001; CFI=0,99). En cuanto al SEM, nuestro modelo fue capaz de explicar el 81% de las puntuaciones de depresión (p<0,001; CFI=0,98). Finalmente, en el HRM, la rumiación podría explicar un 17% de varianza adicional en depresión (p<0,001) y un 28% en ansiedad (p<0,001). Sin embargo, el factor estrés mostró colinealidad con la depresión y la ansiedad, y no continuó para un análisis adicional de HRM.

Conclusiones

Nuestros resultados mostraron una solución de 2 factores para el CPDI. Además, nuestro modelo SEM mostró que el sexo femenino, la edad más joven y la educación incompleta (con un alto nivel de estrés y ansiedad relacionados con COVID) conducen a más síntomas de depresión durante el bloqueo de COVID-19. Finalmente, nuestro HRM mostró que las personas que rumian con frecuencia durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 tienen más miedo y se ven afectadas negativamente.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Confinamiento
Ansiedad
Depresión
Malestar psicológico
Análisis de clases latentes
Análisis factorial

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