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Low-cost chest paediatric phantom for dose optimisation: construction and validation
Construcción y validación de un fantoma torácico pediátrico asequible para optimizar la dosis
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A. Mohammed Alia,b,
Corresponding author
ali.hussein@alzahraa.edu.iq

Corresponding author.
, S. Al-Murshedia
a Department of Radiological Techniques, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
b Department of medical physics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, 56001 Karbala, Iraq
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Received 03 October 2022. Accepted 05 November 2022
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Tables (8)
Table 1. Dimensions and equivalent substitutes of the internal anatomical structures for the phantom.
Table 2. Linear attenuation coefficient (cm−1) of different soft tissues within chest area and their equivalent substitutes over diagnostic x-ray energy range (40–150 KeV).
Table 3. Absolute percentage difference between linear attenuation coefficient of 1-year-old Cortical bone child and P.V.C.
Table 4. Absolute percentage difference between linear attenuation coefficient of Lung neonate and Cork.
Table 5. Absolute percentage difference between Linear attenuation coefficient of soft tissues and water over diagnostic x-ray energy range (40–150 KeV).
Table 6. Comparison HU values for different ROIs for both the phantom and the patient.
Table 7. The correlation values (R2) between the SNR and CNR for the phantom compared with that for Gammex RMI© 610 phantom for different ROI during changing kVp values (from 50 to 110 by 5 increment).
Table 8. The correlation values (R2) between the SNR and CNR for the phantom compared with that for Gammex RMI© 610 phantom for different ROI during changing mAs values (from 1 to 5 by 1 increment).
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

In order to perform chest dose optimisation studies, the imaging phantom should be adequate for image quality evaluation. Since high-end phantoms are cost prohibitive, there is a need for a low-cost construction method with fairly available tissue substitutes.

Materials and methods

Theoretical calculations of radiological characteristics were performed for each of lung, cortical bone and soft tissues in order to choose appropriate substitute, then, cork, P.V.C. (Polyvinyl chloride) and water were chosen, respectively. Validation included, firstly, measuring CT Hounsfield Units (HU) of a real patient’s tissues then compared against their corresponding anatomies in the constructed phantom. Secondly, Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values were acquired in this study to evaluate the quality of images generated from the constructed phantom, then, compare their trends with a valid phantom under different exposure parameters (kVp and mAs).

Results

From theoretical calculations, the percentage differences showed high accuracy of tissue substitutes when simulating real patient tissues; P.V.C. was ≥5.78%, cork was ≥4.46% and water ≥5%. The percentage difference (CT HU) between lung and cortical bone and their equivalent tissue substitutes were 10.44% and 0.53%–3.17%, respectively. Strong positive correlations were found for SNR when changing both kVp (0.79) and mAs (0.65). While the correlation strength of CNR values were found to be moderate when changing both kVp (0.58) and mAs (0.53).

Conclusions

Our low-cost phantom approved through CT HU that their materials replicate the radiological characteristics of real one-year-old child while SNR and SNR correlations confirmed its applicability in imaging and optimisation studies.

Keywords:
Low-cost
Chest phantom
Paediatric imaging
Dose optimization
Phantom validation
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

Para llevar a cabo estudios de optimización de dosis, el fantoma de imagenología debe ser adecuado para evaluar la calidad de la imagen. El coste de los fantomas de gama alta suele ser prohibitivo, por lo que es necesario hallar un método de construcción asequible que emplee sustitutos tisulares que sean razonablemente fáciles de obtener.

Materiales y métodos

Se realizaron cálculos teóricos de las características radiológicas de cada uno de los pulmones, el hueso cortical y los tejidos blandos con el fin de elegir el sustituto adecuado; para ello se eligieron el corcho, el PVC (cloruro de polivinilo) y el agua, respectivamente. La validación consistió, en primer lugar, en la medición de las unidades Hounsfield (UH) de tomografía computarizada (TC) de los tejidos de un paciente real y su posterior comparación con las anatomías correspondientes en el fantoma construido. En segundo lugar, se obtuvieron los valores de relación señal/ruido (S/R) y de relación contraste/ruido (C/R) para evaluar la calidad de las imágenes generadas a partir del fantoma construido y comparar sus tendencias con un fantoma válido utilizando diferentes parámetros de exposición (valores kVp y mAs).

Resultados

Partiendo de los cálculos teóricos, las diferencias porcentuales exhibieron una precisión elevada en los sustitutos tisulares al simular los tejidos de un paciente real; con PVC fue de ≥5,78%, con corcho ≥4,46% y con agua ≥5%. La diferencia porcentual (UH de TC) entre el pulmón y el hueso cortical y sus sustitutos tisulares equivalentes fue del 10,44% y del 0,53% al 3,17%, respectivamente. Se encontraron fuertes correlaciones positivas para la S/R al variar tanto los valores de kVp (0,79) como de mAs (0,65). Por el contrario, se halló que la fuerza de correlación de los valores de la C/R era moderada al cambiar los valores kVp (0,58) y mAs (0,53).

Conclusiones

Se ha constatado mediante las UH de TC que los materiales de nuestro fantoma asequible son una réplica de las características radiológicas de un paciente pediátrico de un año de edad, mientras que las correlaciones de la S/R y la C/R confirmaron su aplicabilidad en estudios mediante imágenes y de optimización.

Palabras clave:
Asequible
Fantoma torácico
Generación de imágenes pediátricas
Optimización de dosis
Validación de fantoma

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