metricas
Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Sex and gender disparities in ischemic heart disease: The role of social and cli...
Journal Information
Cite
Cite
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
624
Original article

Sex and gender disparities in ischemic heart disease: The role of social and clinical factors in long-term outcomes from the RECORVAL registry

Desigualdades por sexo y género en la cardiopatía isquémica: el papel de los factores sociales y clínicos en los desenlaces a largo plazo del registro RECORVAL
Visits
624
Miriam Rodríguez de Riveraa, Jon Zubiaurb,
Corresponding author
jonzubiaur5@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Itziar Cucurull Ortegaa, Elton Carreiro Da Cunhaa, Raquel Pérez Barquína, Adrian Margarida de Castroc, Andrea Teira Calderónd, Fermín Sáinz Lasoa, Dae-Hyun Lee Hwanga, Tamara García-Camareroa, Gabriela Veigaa, Aritz Gil Ongaya, Celia Garilletia, Rigoberto Hernándeza, Sergio Barreraa, Víctor Fradejasa, Cristina Obregóna, Jose María De la Torre Hernándeza
a Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
b Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
c Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico de Valladolid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
d Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de Vinalopó, Ctra. Circunvalación, s/n, 03293 Elche, Alicante, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract
Introduction and objectives

Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality, with women facing unique social and clinical challenges that impact outcomes. This study aimed to examine sex and gender specific differences in social and clinical predictors of long-term outcomes in coronary artery disease.

Materials and methods

This prospective cohort study used the RECORVAL registry, including patients with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary angiography. Clinical data were extracted from electronic health records, and social determinants were collected via a structured questionnaire. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, major bleeding and a composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or revascularization). Sex-stratified Kaplan–Meier curves, Fine–Gray competing risk models, and multivariate Cox regression models adjusted for social and clinical variables were used.

Results

Among 2219 patients (23.4% women) followed for a median of 2421 days, women were older (68.5 vs. 64.3 years) and had greater social disadvantages, including lower education, employment, and internet access. Percutaneous intervention rates were similar, but coronary artery bypass grafting was less frequent in women (3.5% vs. 6.0%). No significant differences were observed in all-cause or cardiovascular mortality (aHR 0.80; 95% CI 0.51–1.24). Women showed a non-significant trend toward lower composite endpoint risk (aHR 0.81; 95% CI 0.64–1.04), lower myocardial infarction and revascularization risk, and higher major bleeding (aHR 1.39; 95% CI 0.92–2.11).

Conclusions

Women face significant social disadvantages requiring personalized prevention addressing gender-specific risks. Similar mortality rates suggest improving equity, while differing ischemic–haemorrhagic profiles call for sex-tailored therapy to improve outcomes.

Keywords:
Coronary artery disease
Sex
Gender
Social determinants
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

La cardiopatía isquémica es una causa principal de mortalidad, y las mujeres se enfrentan a desafíos sociales y clínicos que afectan su pronóstico. Este estudio analiza las diferencias por sexo y género en predictores sociales y clínicos de resultados a largo plazo en enfermedad coronaria.

Materiales y métodos

Cohorte prospectiva del registro RECORVAL, de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria sometidos a coronariografía. Los datos clínicos se obtuvieron de registros electrónicos, y los sociales mediante cuestionario estructurado. Se evaluaron mortalidad global y cardiovascular, infarto de miocardio, revascularización, ictus, hemorragia mayor y un evento combinado (muerte cardiovascular, infarto o revascularización). Se utilizaron las curvas de Kaplan-Meier por sexo, modelos Fine-Gray para riesgos competitivos y la regresión de Cox multivariante ajustado por variables sociales y clínicas.

Resultados

De 2.219 pacientes (23,4% mujeres) con seguimiento medio de 2.421 días, las mujeres eran mayores (68,5 vs. 64,3 años) y presentaban desventajas sociales: menor educación, empleo y acceso a Internet. La tasa de angioplastia fue similar, pero el bypass coronario fue menor (3,5 vs. 6,0%). No hubo diferencias en mortalidad global o cardiovascular (aHR: 0,80; IC 95%: 0,51-1,24). Se observó una tendencia no significativa a menor riesgo del evento combinado (aHR: 0,81; IC 95%: 0,64-1,04), de infarto y revascularización, y más riesgo de hemorragia mayor (aHR: 1,39; IC 95%: 0,92-2,11).

Conclusiones

Las mujeres presentan desventajas sociales que requieren prevención personalizada. La igualdad en mortalidad sugiere mayor equidad, mientras que las diferencias en el riesgo isquémico-hemorrágico resaltan la necesidad de terapias específicas por sexo.

Palabras clave:
Cardiopatía isquémica
Sexo
Género
Determinantes sociales

Article

These are the options to access the full texts of the publication Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
Subscriber
Subscriber

If you already have your login data, please click here .

If you have forgotten your password you can you can recover it by clicking here and selecting the option “I have forgotten my password”
Purchase
Purchase article

Purchasing article the PDF version will be downloaded

Purchase now
Contact
Phone for subscriptions and reporting of errors
From Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. (GMT + 1) except for the months of July and August which will be from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Calls from Spain
932 415 960
Calls from outside Spain
+34 932 415 960
E-mail
References
[1]
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Estadística de defunciones según la causa de muerte. Available from: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176780&idp=1254735573175. Accessed 20 June 2025.
[2]
M. Mahalleh, R. Narimani-Javid, K. Izadpanahi, et al.
Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2021.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 25 (2025), pp. 346
[3]
J. Zubiaur, R. Pérez Barquín, A. Margarida de Castro, et al.
Influence of social factors in a cohort of ischemic heart disease: Insights from the RECORVAL registry.
REC CardioClinics., 60 (2025), pp. 275-287
[4]
C. Hakulinen, L. Pulkki-Råback, M. Virtanen, M. Jokela, M. Kivimäki, M. Elovainio.
Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality: UK Biobank cohort study of 479 054 men and women.
Heart, 104 (2018), pp. 1536-1542
[5]
C.M. Jenkinson, R.J. Madeley, J.R.A. Mitchell, I.D. Turner.
The influence of psychosocial factors on survival after myocardial infarction.
Public Health, 107 (1993), pp. 305-317
[6]
B.E. Landon, L.A. Hatfield, P. Bakx, et al.
Differences in treatment patterns and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction for low- and high-income patients in 6 countries.
JAMA, 329 (2023), pp. 1088-1097
[7]
J. Ohm, R. Kuja-Halkola, A. Warnqvist, et al.
Socioeconomic disparities and mediators for recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events after a first myocardial infarction.
Circulation, 148 (2023), pp. 256-267
[8]
J. Ohm, P.H. Skoglund, A. Discacciati, et al.
Socioeconomic status predicts second cardiovascular event in 29,226 survivors of a first myocardial infarction.
Eur J Prev Cardiol, 25 (2018), pp. 985-993
[9]
A.J. Torabi, E. Von der Lohe, R.J. Kovacs, K.A. Frick, R.P. Kreutz.
Measures of social deprivation and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 101 (2023), pp. 995-1000
[10]
T. Wang, Y. Li, X. Zheng.
Association of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Public Health, 32 (2024), pp. 385-399
[11]
I.A. Ebong, O. Quesada, I.T. Fonkoue, et al.
The role of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular disease in women: JACC state-of-the-art review.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 84 (2024), pp. 298-314
[12]
I. López-Ferreruela, S. Malo, B. Obón-Azuara, et al.
Gender inequalities in prescribing and initiation patterns of guideline-recommended drugs after acute myocardial infarction.
BMC Public Health, 25 (2025), pp. 185
[13]
L.Y.T. Wang, G.S.H. Chiang, C.F. Wee, S.W.K. Chan, J.X.X. Lau, A. Taeihagh.
Preventing ischemic heart disease in women: a systematic review of global directives and policies.
NPJ Womens Health, 2 (2024), pp. 36
[14]
S. Cuschieri.
The STROBE guidelines.
Saudi J Anaesth, 13 (2019), pp. S31
[15]
R.A. Byrne, X. Rossello, J.J.C. Coughlan, et al.
2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes: developed by the task force on the management of acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Eur Heart J, 44 (2023), pp. 3720-3826
[16]
J. Knuuti, W. Wijns, A. Saraste, et al.
2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Eur Heart J, 41 (2020), pp. 407-477
[17]
A.K. Jacobs.
Women, ischemic heart disease, revascularization, and the gender gap.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 47 (2006), pp. S63-S65
[18]
L.S. Mehta, T.M. Beckie, H.A. DeVon, et al.
Acute myocardial infarction in women: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation, 133 (2016), pp. 916-947
[19]
R. Laborante, J.A. Borovac, M. Galli, et al.
Gender differences in antithrombotic therapy across the spectrum of ischemic heart disease: time to tackle the Yentl syndrome?.
Front Cardiovasc Med, 9 (2022),
[20]
E.M. Bucholz, K.M. Strait, R.P. Dreyer, et al.
Effect of low perceived social support on health outcomes in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the VIRGO study.
J Am Heart Assoc, 3 (2014),
[21]
J. Stehli, C. Martin, A. Brennan, D.T. Dinh, J. Lefkovits, S. Zaman.
Sex differences persist in time to presentation, revascularization, and mortality in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.
J Am Heart Assoc, 8 (2019),
[22]
L. Worrall-Carter, K.L. Edward, K. Page.
Women and cardiovascular disease: at a social disadvantage?.
[23]
A.E. Gaffey, E.S. Spatz.
Psychological health and ischemic heart disease in women: a review of current evidence and clinical considerations across the healthspan.
Curr Atheroscler Rep, 26 (2024), pp. 45-58
[24]
V. Vaccarino, L. Parsons, N.R. Every, H.V. Barron, H.M. Krumholz.
Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med, 341 (1999), pp. 217-225
[25]
R.P. Dreyer, Y. Wang, K.M. Strait, et al.
Gender differences in the trajectory of recovery in health status among young patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Circulation, 131 (2015), pp. 1971-1980
[26]
K.P. Champney, P.D. Frederick, H. Bueno, et al.
The joint contribution of sex, age and type of myocardial infarction on hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction.
Heart, 95 (2009), pp. 895-899
[27]
E. Solinas, L. Vignali, P. Ortolani, et al.
Association of bleeding, mortality and sex in acute coronary syndromes: the missing triangle.
J Cardiovasc Med, 16 (2015), pp. 347
asdasdasd
Article options
Tools
Supplemental materials