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Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Double refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical scenarios and therapeut...
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Vol. 166. Issue 1.
(January 2026)
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Vol. 166. Issue 1.
(January 2026)
Review

Double refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical scenarios and therapeutic strategies

Leucemia linfocítica crónica doble refractaria: escenarios clínicos y opciones terapéuticas
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Pablo Mozasa,
Corresponding author
mozas@clinic.cat

Corresponding author.
, David Quintelab, Ángel Sernac, on behalf of the Nexo en LLC
a Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona e Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Hematología, ICO-IJC-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron y Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

Despite its typically indolent course in most patients, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can relapse or become refractory to the two main classes of drugs commonly used: covalent BTK inhibitors and BCL2 inhibitors. This review outlines the potential reasons for discontinuation of these drug classes, defines the concepts of double exposure (DE) and double refractoriness (DR), delineates the possible treatment sequences leading to DR, summarizes the poor prognosis of this patient subgroup, and describes the approved, investigational, and less optimal therapeutic alternatives for the management of this population. Finally, three illustrative clinical vignettes of patients with DE/DR CLL are presented, including case analysis and practical management recommendations, as well as teaching points.

Keywords:
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Double refractory
Prognosis
Non-covalent BTK inhibitor
BTK degrader
CAR-T cell therapy
Immunotherapy
Resumen

A pesar de su comportamiento indolente en la mayoría de pacientes, la leucemia linfocítica crónica (LLC) puede recaer o ser refractaria a las dos clases de fármacos empleados habitualmente: los inhibidores de BTK covalentes y los inhibidores de BCL2. En la presente revisión se detallan las posibles causas de interrupción de estas clases de fármacos, se definen los conceptos de doble exposición (DE) y doble refractariedad (DR), se delinean las posibles secuencias de tratamiento hasta llegar a la DR, se resume el pronóstico adverso de este grupo de pacientes y se detallan las alternativas terapéuticas aprobadas, en desarrollo y otras menos óptimas para el manejo de esta situación. Finalmente, se incluyen tres escenarios clínicos ilustrativos del paciente con LLC DE/DR, con análisis del caso y recomendaciones prácticas de manejo, así como puntos de aprendizaje.

Palabras clave:
Leucemia linfocítica crónica
Doble refractaria
Pronóstico
Inhibidor de BTK no covalente
Degradador de BTK
Terapia CAR-T
Inmunoterapia

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