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Original article
Gastrointestinal and liver immune-related adverse effects induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: A descriptive observational study
Efectos adversos inmunomediados gastrointestinales y hepáticos inducidos por los inhibidores del punto de control inmunitario: estudio descriptivo observacional
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Patricia Sanz-Seguraa,
Corresponding author
patricia.sanz.segura@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Paula García-Cámaraa, Eva Fernández-Bonillaa, José Miguel Arbonés-Mainarb,c,d,e, Vanesa Bernal Monterdea,c
a Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
b Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
d Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
e CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Received 20 April 2020. Accepted 14 July 2020
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients.
Table 2. Description of gastrointestinal and hepatic immune-related adverse events.
Table 3. Analysis of patients stratified by gender.
Table 4. Analysis of patients stratified by age groups.
Table 5. Analysis of patients stratified by type of response.
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Abstract
Introduction

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective agents against several malignancies. However, they are associated with gastrointestinal and liver immune-related adverse events (GI-IrAEs and LI-IrAEs), which can lead to their temporary or permanent discontinuation.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and gastrointestinal and liver toxicity of ICIs in oncological treatments in actual clinical practice.

Material and methods

Patients with advanced cancer who received at least 1 ICI dose between May 2015 and September 2018 were retrospectively assessed.

Results

132 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (65.15%, n = 86); melanoma (22.7%, n = 30); renal carcinoma (9.09%, n = 12); and other tumours (3%, n = 4) were included. The treatments administered were nivolumab (n = 82), pembrolizumab (n = 28), atezolizumab (n = 13), durvalumab (n = 2), ipilimumab (n = 1) and the antiCTLA-4/PD-1 combination (n = 6). In total, 51 patients (38.6%) developed IrAEs, 17 (12.9%) of which experienced GI-IrAEs. Of these, 8 (47%) needed steroids and 1 patient required surgery due to intestinal perforation. Grade I Li-IrAEs were observed in 4 patients (3.03%): 2 (50%) required corticosteroids and 1 patient had to discontinue treatment. Four patients (66.6%) who received combination therapy experienced GI-IrAEs. IrAE incidence were not associated with age, gender or drug response.

Conclusions

GI-IrAEs are one of the most common adverse events in patients receiving ICIs. A multidisciplinary approach and a greater understanding of these events could help to reduce morbidity and therapy discontinuation.

Keywords:
Gastrointestinal immune-related adverse effects
Resumen
Introducción

Los inhibidores del punto de control inmunitario son fármacos eficaces en el tratamiento de diversas neoplasias. Sin embargo, se han relacionado con eventos adversos inmunomediados (EAI) gastrointestinales y hepáticos que pueden desencadenar su interrupción temporal o definitiva.

Objetivo

Evaluar, en condiciones de práctica real, la eficacia y toxicidad gastrointestinal y hepática de los ICIs en tratamientos oncológicos.

Material y métodos

Estudio retrospectivo con inclusión de pacientes con diagnóstico de neoplasia avanzada que habían recibido al menos una dosis de ICIs entre mayo de 2015 y septiembre de 2018.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 132 pacientes con neoplasia de pulmón no microcítico (65.15%, n = 86); melanoma (22.7%, n = 30); carcinoma renal (9.09%, n = 12); y otros tumores (3%, n = 4). Los fármacos empleados fueron nivolumab (n = 82), pembrolizumab (n = 28), atezolizumab (n = 13), durvalumab (n = 2), ipilimumab (n = 1) y la combinación antiCTLA-4/PD-1 (n = 6). El 38.6% (n = 51) desarrolló EAI, de tipo gastrointestinal en el 12.9% (n = 17). De ellos, un 47% (n = 8) requirieron esteroides, y en un paciente precisó cirugía por perforación intestinal. En el 3.03% (n = 4) se objetivaron EAI hepáticos grado I: el 50% (n = 2) requirió corticoterapia y en un paciente fue preciso interrumpir el tratamiento. Entre los pacientes con tratamiento combinado, el 66.6% (n = 4) presentó EAI gastrointestinales. La incidencia de EAI no se relacionó con la edad, sexo, ni con la respuesta al fármaco empleado.

Conclusiones

Los EAI gastrointestinales son uno de los más frecuentemente observados en pacientes en tratamiento con ICIs. El manejo multidisplicinar y un mayor conocimiento de dichos eventos podría ayudarnos a reducir su morbilidad, así como las interrupciones del tratamiento.

Palabras clave:
Efectos adversos inmunomediados digestivos

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