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Inicio Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition) Case-control study of Clostridioides difficile in a rural health care area
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Vol. 46. Issue 1.
Pages 1-9 (January 2023)
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Vol. 46. Issue 1.
Pages 1-9 (January 2023)
Original article
Case-control study of Clostridioides difficile in a rural health care area
Estudio de casos-controles de la infección por Clostridioides difficile en un área sanitaria rural
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Cristina Muñoz Cuevasa, María Ángeles Asencio Egeaa,
Corresponding author
marian_asencio@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, María Franco Huertab, María Huertas Vaqueroa, Ángel Arias Ariasc, Rafael Carranza Gonzáleza
a Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Ciudad Real, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Ciudad Real, Spain
c Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Abstract
Objective

To determine the risk and prognostic factors for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).

Patients and methods

Prospective, case-control study with 61 cases and 64 controls, aged ≥ 2 years with diarrhoea, carried out in “Castilla-La Mancha” Health Care Area ​​for 14 months. The diagnosis was made by immunochromatography technics (glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin A/B), confirming discordant cases by isothermal amplification. Demographic variables, comorbidities, type of acquisition, previous administration of antibiotics, antacids and immunosuppressants, and evolution were collected. The data were analysed using the chi-square test and the effect of risk and prognostic factors was quantified using an odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Hospital admission 4 weeks prior to infection, hypoalbuminemia, and previous administration of antibiotics were identified as independent risk factors for CDI. Presenting these 3 factors constitutes nearly 3-fold increase in the risk of becoming infected. A greater number of hospital admissions in the 4−12 weeks prior to CDI were found in the group of nosocomial acquisition. Although there was a greater tendency to recurrence and an unfavourable prognosis among nosocomial cases, these differences were not significant. We found that fever and hospital admission in the 4 weeks prior to infection were unfavourable prognostic factors of CDI.

Conclusions

The independent risk factors for CDI were: hospital admission in the 4 weeks prior to infection, hypoalbuminemia, and previous administration of antibiotics. Fever and hospitalisation in the previous 4 weeks were also identified as prognostic factors of unfavourable evolution.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficile infection
Antibiotic use
Case-control study
Risk factors
Prognostic factors
Resumen
Objetivo

Determinar los factores de riesgo y factores pronósticos de la infección por Clostridioides difficile (ICD).

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio prospectivo de casos-controles (61 casos y 64 controles) ≥2 años con diarrea, atendidos en un Área Sanitaria manchega durante 14 meses. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante inmunocromatografía (glutamato deshidrogenasa y toxina A/B), realizando amplificación isotérmica en los casos discordantes. Se recogieron variables demográficas, comorbilidades, tipo de adquisición, administración previa de antibióticos, antiácidos e inmunosupresores y evolución. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado y el efecto de los factores de riesgo y pronósticos se cuantificó mediante odds ratio con intervalos de confianza del 95%.

Resultados

Como factores de riesgo independientes de ICD encontramos el ingreso hospitalario las 4 semanas previas a la infección, la hipoalbuminemia y la administración previa de antibióticos. Presentar estos 3 factores supuso un riesgo casi 3 veces mayor de infectarse. En el grupo de adquisición nosocomial se encontró mayor número de ingresos hospitalarios las 4−12 semanas previas a la ICD, y aunque hubo mayor tendencia a las recurrencias y pronóstico desfavorable entre los casos intrahospitalarios, estas diferencias no fueron significativas. Identificamos como factores de pronóstico desfavorable la fiebre y el ingreso hospitalario las 4 semanas previas a la infección.

Conclusiones

Los factores de riesgo independientes de ICD fueron: ingreso hospitalario las 4 semanas previas a la infección, hipoalbuminemia y administración previa de antibióticos. La fiebre y la hospitalización las 4 semanas anteriores se identificaron además como factores pronósticos de evolución desfavorable.

Palabras clave:
Infección por Clostridioides difficile
Consumo de antibióticos
Estudio de casos-controles
Factores de riesgo
Factores pronósticos

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