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Vol. 31. Issue S4.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Pages 18-28 (October 2008)
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Vol. 31. Issue S4.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Pages 18-28 (October 2008)
Jornada de actualización en gastroenterología aplicada
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Enfermedades relacionadas con Helicobacter pylori: dispepsia, úlcera y cáncer gástrico
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Javier P. Gisbert
Corresponding author
gisbert@meditex.es

Correspondencia: Playa de Mojácar, 29. Urb. Bonanza. 28669 Boadilla del Monte. Madrid. España.
Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD). Madrid. España
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Resumen

A continuación se resumen las principales conclusiones derivadas de las comunicaciones presentadas este año en la DDW relacionadas con la infección por Helicobacter pylori. Diferentes cepas de H. pylori infectan con frecuencia a un mismo paciente, por lo que las muestras para cultivo deberían obtenerse del antro y del cuerpo gástrico. La estrategia test and treat en la dispepsia es tan efectiva como el tratamiento empírico antisecretor y probablemente sea más barato. El beneficio del tratamiento erradicador en los pacientes con dispepsia no investigada, aunque de escasa magnitud, parece ser duradero. Parece que la eliminación de H. pylori en la población general reduce la aparición de síntomas dispépticos a largo plazo, por lo que podría ser coste-efectiva. La prevalencia de infección por H. pylori en la úlcera péptica está descendiendo y la frecuencia de úlceras idiopáticas está aumentando. Las úlceras sangrantes H. pylori negativas tienen una alta probabilidad de recidiva hemorrágica, por lo que los pacientes deben recibir antisecretores de mantenimiento. Eliminar H. pylori reduce la incidencia de adenocarcinoma gástrico, lo que podría justificar una estrategia de cribado y tratamiento de la infección en la población general en áreas de alto riesgo. En los pacientes sometidos a una resección mucosa endoscópica de un cáncer gástrico precoz debe eliminarse la infección por H. pylori. Para prevenir el desarrollo de cáncer gástrico, el tratamiento erradicador debería aplicarse precozmente, antes de que aparezca atrofia gástrica. El pronóstico de los linfomas gástricos H. pylori negativos es tan favorable como el de los H. pylori positivos. Se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas diagnósticas: un test de la ureasa ultrarrápido, una prueba del aliento con 14C-urea más sencilla y un método de ELISA para determinar rápidamente la susceptibilidad bacteriana. En los pacientes con hemorragia digestiva, la prueba del aliento con 13C-urea realizada inmediatamente después de la gastroscopia urgente permite diagnosticar precozmente la infección. Las pautas de erradicación con dosis dobles de inhibidores de la bomba de protones son más eficaces que con dosis estándar. La terapia secuencial es más efectiva y barata que la triple terapia clásica, aunque el beneficio de administrar la terapia secuencialmente en lugar de concomitantemente no está establecido. En los pacientes alérgicos a la penicilina, una combinación con levofloxacino y claritromicina representa una prometedora alternativa de rescate. El tratamiento de rescate de segunda línea con levofloxacino es eficaz, y además es más sencillo y se tolera mejor que la cuádruple terapia. La tasa de resistencia a las quinolonas está aumentando como consecuencia del empleo generalizado de estos antibióticos. El tratamiento de tercera línea con levofloxacino también es una prometedora alternativa. Incluso tras el fracaso de tres tratamientos previos, una cuarta terapia de rescate empírica (con levofloxacino o con rifabutina) puede ser efectiva en más de la mitad de los casos. La tasa anual de recurrencia de la infección por H. pylori es de aproximadamente el 3% en los países desarrollados y superior al 10% en los países en vías de desarrollo.

Palabras clave:
Helicobacter pylori
Úlcera péptica
Hemorragia digestiva
Dispepsia
Linfoma gástrico
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Abstract

The main conclusions drawn from the presentations related to Helicobacter pylori at Digestive Diseases Week 2008 are summarized. Several strains of H. pylori frequently infect the same patient, and consequently samples for culture should be obtained from the gastric antrum and body. The test-and-treat strategy in dyspepsia is as effective as empirical antisecretory therapy and is probably cheaper. The benefit of eradication therapy in patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, although small, seems to be lasting. Eradication in the general population seems to reduce the development of dyspeptic symptoms in the long term and consequently could be cost-effective. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer is decreasing and the frequency of idiopathic ulcers is increasing. Patients with H. pylori-negative bleeding ulcers have a high probability of hemorrhagic recurrence and should therefore receive maintenance antisecretory therapy. H. pylori eradication reduces the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, which could warrant a screening and treatment strategy for this infection in the general population in high risk areas. H. pylori infection should be eradicated in patients undergoing endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer. To prevent the development of gastric cancer, eradication therapy should be administered early, before gastric atrophy develops. H. pylori-negative and H. pylori-positive gastric lymphomas have an equally favorable prognosis. New diagnostic techniques have been developed: the ultra-rapid urease test, a simpler 14C-urea breath test, and an ELISA method for rapid bacterial susceptibility determination. In patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, the 13C-urea breath test performed immediately after emergency gastroscopy allows early diagnosis of infection. Eradication regimens with double doses of proton pump inhibitors are more effective than those with standard doses. “Sequential” therapy is more effective and cheaper than classical triple-drug therapy, although the superiority of administering therapy sequentially rather than concomitantly has not been established. In penicillin-allergic patients, a combination with levofloxacin and clarithromycin is a promising alternative in rescue therapy. Second-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin is effective and is also simpler and better tolerated than quadruple-drug therapy. The rate of quinolone resistance is increasing as a result of the widespread use of these antibiotics.

Third-line treatment with levofloxacin is also a promising alternative. Even after the failure of three previous treatments, a fourth empirical rescue therapy (with levofloxacin or rifabutin) can be effective in more than half of patients. The annual recurrence rate of H. pylori infection is approximately 3% in developed countries and is higher than 10% in developing countries.

Key words:
Helicobacter pylori
peptic ulcer
gastrointestinal bleeding
dyspepsia
gastric lymphoma
diagnosis
treatment
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