Buscar en
Gastroenterología y Hepatología
Toda la web
Inicio Gastroenterología y Hepatología El virus de la hepatitis E: implicaciones zoonóticas
Journal Information
Vol. 30. Issue 7.
Pages 408-418 (August 2007)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 30. Issue 7.
Pages 408-418 (August 2007)
Progresos en hepatología
Full text access
El virus de la hepatitis E: implicaciones zoonóticas
Hepatitis e virus: zoonotic implications
Visits
6605
Nereida Jiménez de Oya, Estela Escribano-Romero, Ana Belén Blázquez, Juan Carlos Saiz
Corresponding author
jcsaiz@inia.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J.C. Saiz. Laboratorio de Zoonosis y Virología Medioambiental. Departamento de Biotecnología. INIA. Ctra. de la Coruña, km 7,5. 08040 Madrid. España.
Laboratorio de Zoonosis y Virología Medioambiental. Departamento de Biotecnología. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Madrid. España
This item has received
Article information
Resumen

El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) se transmite principalmente por vía feco-oral a través de aguas y/o alimentos contaminados, y es una de las principales causas de hepatitis agudas en el mundo. La hepatitis E presenta una elevada morbilidad, pero una baja mortalidad, excepto en mujeres embarazadas, en las que puede alcanzar el 30%. El VHE origina tanto casos esporádicos como brotes epidémicos, especialmente en muchas regiones de África, Asia y América Central. En Europa, cada vez se describen más casos autóctonos no relacionados con viajes a zonas consideradas endémicas. Además, el VHE también infecta a diversos animales, incluido el cerdo, y, recientemente, se ha demostrado su carácter zoonótico. De hecho, las secuencias de VHE porcinas y humanas de una zona determinada son más parecidas entre sí que lo que lo son con cepas de la misma especie, pero de distinta zona geográfica, y existen datos que indican que las personas en contacto con cerdos presentan una mayor prevalencia de anticuerpos específicos frente al VHE. Todo ello, ha llevado a un creciente interés por determinar la incidencia de la enfermedad en animales, su posible riesgo zoonótico y sus implicaciones para la sanidad. En el presente artículo se repasan los conocimientos actuales sobre el VHE, con especial énfasis en las posibles consecuencias de su carácter zoonótico.

The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted primarily by the feco-oral route throughout contaminated water and/or food, and is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E shows a high mobility but a low mortality rate, except in pregnant women, where it can be as high as 30%. HEV causes sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks, mainly in Africa, Asia and Central America. In Europe, there is an increase in the number of reported autochthonous cases no related with travel to endemic areas. In addition, HEV also infects animals, including pigs, and its zoonotic potential has been recently demonstrated. In fact, porcine and human strains of the same area are genetically more closely related to each other than to strains of the same species but a different geographical region, and there are data suggesting that people in close contact with pigs presents a higher prevalence of specific anti-HEV antibodies. All together, these data have drove to an increase interest in determining the incidence of the disease in animals, its possible zoonotic risk, and its implications for human health. In the present article we revised the current knowledge about HEV, with special emphasis in the possible consequences of its zoonotic potential.

Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
G.R. Reyes, M.A. Purdy, J.P. Kim, K.C. Luk, L.M. Young, K.E. Fry, et al.
Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Science, 247 (1990), pp. 1335-1339
[2.]
A.W. Tam, M.M. Smith, M.E. Guerra, C.C. Huang, D.W. Bradley, K.E. Fry, et al.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome.
Virology, 185 (1991), pp. 120-131
[3.]
M.A. Mayo, L.A. Ball.
ICTV in San Francisco: a report from the Plenary Session.
Arch Virol, 151 (2006), pp. 413-422
[4.]
H.C. Worm, W.H. Van der Poel, G. Brandstatter.
Hepatitis E: an overview.
Microbes Infect, 4 (2002), pp. 657-666
[5.]
S.U. Emerson, R.H. Purcell.
Hepatitis E virus.
Rev Med Virol, 13 (2003), pp. 145-154
[6.]
G. Schlauder.
Viral hepatitis: molecular biology, diagnosis, epidemiology and control.
Perspective in medial virology, pp. 199-222
[7.]
Y. Kabrane-Lazizi, X.J. Meng, R.H. Purcell, S.U. Emerson.
Evidence that the genomic RNA of hepatitis E virus is capped.
J Virol, 73 (1999), pp. 8848-8850
[8.]
S. Jameel, M. Zafrullah, M.H. Ozdener, S.K. Panda.
Expression in animal cells and characterization of the hepatitis E virus structural proteins.
J Virol, 70 (1996), pp. 207-216
[9.]
M. Zafrullah, M.H. Ozdener, R. Kumar, S.K. Panda, S. Jameel.
Mutational analysis of glycosylation, membrane translocation, and cell surface expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein.
J Virol, 73 (1999), pp. 4074-4082
[10.]
M. Zafrullah, M.H. Ozdener, S.K. Panda, S. Jameel.
The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is a phosphoprotein that associates with the cytoskeleton.
J Virol, 71 (1997), pp. 9045-9053
[11.]
V.A. Arankalle, S. Paranjape, S.U. Emerson, R.H. Purcell, A.M. Walimbe.
Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from India (1976-1993).
J Gen Virol, 80 (1999), pp. 1691-1700
[12.]
M. Grandadam, S. Tebbal, M. Caron, M. Siriwardana, B. Larouze, J.L. Koeck, et al.
Evidence for hepatitis E virus quasispecies.
J Gen Virol, 85 (2004), pp. 3189-3194
[13.]
X.J. Meng.
Swine hepatitis E virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 278 (2003), pp. 185-216
[14.]
R. Purcell, S. Emerson.
Hepatitis E virus.
Fields virology, 4rd ed, pp. 2831-2843
[15.]
M.S. Balayan, A.G. Andjaparidze, S.S. Savinskaya, E.S. Ketiladze, D.M. Braginsky, A.P. Savinov, et al.
Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
Intervirology, 20 (1983), pp. 23-31
[16.]
K. Krawczynski, S. Kamili, R. Aggarwal.
Global epidemiology and medical aspects of hepatitis E.
Forum (Génova), 11 (2001), pp. 166-179
[17.]
S. Skidmore.
Overview of hepatitis E virus.
Curr Infect Dis Rep, 4 (2002), pp. 118-123
[18.]
J.L. Smith.
A review of hepatitis E virus.
J Food Prot, 64 (2001), pp. 572-586
[19.]
R. Vishwanathan.
Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-1956). A critical study: epidemiology.
Ind J Med Res, 45 (1957), pp. 1-29
[20.]
J.E. Craighead.
Pathology and patogenesis of human viral disease.
Academic Press, (2000),
[21.]
Previsani N, Lavanchy D. Hepatitis E. Genève: World Health Organization. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response; 2001.
[22.]
M.S. Khuroo, S. Kamili.
Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy.
J Viral Hepat, 10 (2003), pp. 61-69
[23.]
S. Singh, A. Mohanty, Y.K. Joshi, D. Deka, S. Mohanty, S.K. Panda.
Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis E virus infection.
Indian J Pediatr, 70 (2003), pp. 37-39
[24.]
A. Kumar, M. Beniwal, P. Kar, J.B. Sharma, N.S. Murthy.
Hepatitis E in pregnancy.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 85 (2004), pp. 240-244
[25.]
R. Monga, S. Garg, P. Tyagi, N. Kumar.
Superimposed acute hepatitis E infection in patients with chronic liver disease.
Indian J Gastroenterol, 23 (2004), pp. 50-52
[26.]
R. Aggarwal, S.R. Naik.
Faecal excretion of hepatitis E virus.
Lancet, 340 (1992), pp. 787
[27.]
R.H. Purcell, S.U. Emerson.
Animal models of hepatitis A and E.
Ilar J, 42 (2001), pp. 161-177
[28.]
E.T. Clayson, K.S. Myint, R. Snitbhan, D.W. Vaughn, B.L. Innis, L. Chan, et al.
Viremia, fecal shedding, and IgM and IgG responses in patients with hepatitis E.
J Infect Dis, 172 (1995), pp. 927-933
[29.]
S.A. Tsarev, T.S. Tsareva, S.U. Emerson, S. Govindarajan, M. Shapiro, J.L. Gerin, et al.
Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91 (1994), pp. 10198-10202
[30.]
M.S. Khuroo, M.Y. Dar.
Hepatitis E: evidence for person-to-person transmission and inability of low dose immune serum globulin from an Indian source to prevent it.
Indian J Gastroenterol, 11 (1992), pp. 113-116
[31.]
L. Wang, H. Zhuang.
Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in vaccine research.
World J Gastroenterol, 10 (2004), pp. 2157-2162
[32.]
J. Meng, X. Dai, J.C. Chang, E. Lopareva, J. Pillot, H.A. Fields, et al.
Identification and characterization of the neutralization epitope(s) of the hepatitis E virus.
Virology, 288 (2001), pp. 203-211
[33.]
S.U. Emerson, R.H. Purcell.
Recombinant vaccines for hepatitis E.
Trends Mol Med, 7 (2001), pp. 462-466
[34.]
H.C. Worm, G.G. Schlauder, G. Brandstatter.
Hepatitis E and its emergence in non-endemic areas.
Wien Klin Wochenschr, 114 (2002), pp. 663-670
[35.]
M.A. Purdy, K.A. McCaustland, K. Krawczynski, J. Spelbring, G.R. Reyes, D.W. Bradley.
Preliminary evidence that a trpEHEV fusion protein protects cynomolgus macaques against challenge with wild-type hepatitis E virus (HEV).
J Med Virol, 41 (1993), pp. 90-94
[36.]
S.A. Tsarev, T.S. Tsareva, S.U. Emerson, S. Govindarajan, M. Shapiro, J.L. Gerin, et al.
Recombinant vaccine against hepatitis E: dose response and protection against heterologous challenge.
Vaccine, 15 (1997), pp. 1834-1838
[37.]
S.W. Im, J.Z. Zhang, H. Zhuang, X.Y. Che, W.F. Zhu, G.M. Xu, et al.
A bacterially expressed peptide prevents experimental infection of primates by the hepatitis E virus.
Vaccine, 19 (2001), pp. 3726-3732
[38.]
L. Xing, K. Kato, T. Li, N. Takeda, T. Miyamura, L. Hammar, et al.
Recombinant hepatitis E capsid protein self-assembles into a dual-domain T = 1 particle presenting native virus epitopes.
Virology, 265 (1999), pp. 35-45
[39.]
T. Li, N. Takeda, T. Miyamura.
Oral administration of hepatitis E virus-like particles induces a systemic and mucosal immune response in mice.
Vaccine, 19 (2001), pp. 3476-3484
[40.]
D.C. Wong, R.H. Purcell, M.A. Sreenivasan, S.R. Prasad, K.M. Pavri.
Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology.
Lancet, 2 (1980), pp. 876-879
[41.]
M. Romero Gómez, E. Suárez García, J. Vargas, M. Castro Fernández.
Un caso de hepatitis aguda E en Sevilla.
Gastroenterol Hepatol, 20 (1997), pp. 217-218
[42.]
M. Sánchez, M. Moreno, A. García Avello, M. Mateos.
Dos nuevos casos de hepatitis E autóctonos.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20 (2002), pp. 136-138
[43.]
M. Buti, P. Clemente-Casares, R. Jardi, M. Formiga-Cruz, M. Schaper, A. Valdes, et al.
Sporadic cases of acute autochthonous hepatitis E in Spain.
J Hepatol, 41 (2004), pp. 126-131
[44.]
M.L. Mateos, A. Molina, T.H. Ta, V. Moreira, J.M. Milicua, R. Bárcena.
Hepatitis aguda E en Madrid: descripción de 18 casos.
Gastroenterol Hepatol, 29 (2006), pp. 397-400
[45.]
R.H. Purcell.
Hepatitis viruses: changing patterns of human disease.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91 (1994), pp. 2401-2406
[46.]
R.H. Purcell, H. Nguyen, M. Shapiro, R.E. Engle, S. Govindarajan, W.C. Blackwelder, et al.
Pre-clinical immunogenicity and efficacy trial of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine.
Vaccine, 21 (2003), pp. 2607-2615
[47.]
V.A. Arankalle, S.A. Tsarev, M.S. Chadha, D.W. Alling, S.U. Emerson, K. Banerjee, et al.
Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992.
J Infect Dis, 171 (1995), pp. 447-450
[48.]
X.J. Meng, B. Wiseman, F. Elvinger, D.K. Guenette, T.E. Toth, R.E. Engle, et al.
Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 117-122
[49.]
K. Abe, T.-C. Li, X. Ding, K.M. Win, P.K. Shrestha, V.X. Quang, et al.
International collaborative survey on epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in 11 countries.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 37 (2006), pp. 90-95
[50.]
M.L. Mateos, C. Camarero, E. Lasa, J.L. Teruel, N. Mir, F. Baquero.
Hepatitis E virus: relevance in blood donors and risk groups.
Vox Sang, 76 (1999), pp. 78-80
[51.]
M. Buti, R. Jardi, M. Cotrina, F. Rodríguez-Frías, H. Troonen, L. Viladomiu, et al.
Hepatitis E virus infection in acute hepatitis in Spain.
J Virol Methods, 55 (1995), pp. 49-54
[52.]
M.T. Pérez-Gracia, M.S. García-Valdivia, F. Galán, M.A. Rodríguez-Iglesias.
Detection of hepatitis E virus in patients sera in southern Spain.
Acta Virol, 48 (2004), pp. 197-200
[53.]
A. Suárez González, G. Solís Sánchez, L. Otero Guerra, G. Viejo de la Guerra, C. Álvarez Navascues.
Prevalence of immunity to hepatitis viruses in pregnant women from the health area of Gijon (Spain).
Gastroenterol Hepatol, 27 (2004), pp. 347-352
[54.]
D. Tarrago, R. López-Vélez, C. Turrientes, F. Baquero, M.L. Mateos.
Prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in immigrants from developing countries.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 19 (2000), pp. 309-311
[55.]
E.E. Mast, M.J. Alter, P.V. Holland, R.H. Purcell.
Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Serum Panel Evaluation Group.
Hepatology, 27 (1998), pp. 857-861
[56.]
K.S. Myint, T.P. Endy, R.V. Gibbons, K. Laras, M.P. Mammen Jr, E.R. Sedyaningsih, et al.
Evaluation of diagnostic assays for hepatitis E virus in outbreak settings.
J Clin Microbiol, 44 (2006), pp. 1581-1583
[57.]
J. Meng, P. Dubreuil, J. Pillot.
A new PCR-based seroneutralization assay in cell culture for diagnosis of hepatitis E.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 1373-1377
[58.]
M.A. Jiménez-Clavero, E. Escribano-Romero, C. Mansilla, N. Gómez, L. Córdoba, N. Roblas, et al.
Survey of bovine enterovirus in biological and environmental samples by a highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR.
Appl Environ Microbiol, 71 (2005), pp. 3536-3543
[59.]
J.M. Mansuy, J.M. Peron, F. Abravanel, H. Poirson, M. Dubois, M. Miedouge, et al.
Hepatitis E in the south west of France in individuals who have never visited an endemic area.
J Med Virol, 74 (2004), pp. 419-424
[60.]
G. Orru, G. Masia, L. Romano, V. Piras, R.C. Coppola.
Detection and quantitation of hepatitis E virus in human faeces by realtime quantitative PCR.
J Virol Methods, 118 (2004), pp. 77-82
[61.]
N. Jothikumar, T.L. Cromeans, B.H. Robertson, X.J. Meng, V.R. Hill.
A broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis E virus.
J Virol Methods, 131 (2006), pp. 65-71
[62.]
V. Enouf, G. Dos Reis, J.P. Guthmann, P.J. Guerin, M. Caron, V. Marechal, et al.
Validation of single real-time TaqMan PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of four major genotypes of hepatitis E virus in clinical specimens.
J Med Virol, 78 (2006), pp. 1076-1082
[63.]
J.M. Ahn, N. Rayamajhi, S. Gyun Kang, H. Sang Yoo.
Comparison of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nested or commercial reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of hepatitis E virus particle in human serum.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 24 (2006), pp. 17-19
[64.]
H.H. Liu, X. Cao, Y. Yang, M.G. Liu, Y.F. Wang.
Array-based nano-amplification technique was applied in detection of hepatitis E virus.
J Biochem Mol Biol, 39 (2006), pp. 247-252
[65.]
R. Aggarwal, S.R. Naik.
Hepatitis E: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread.
J Hepatol, 21 (1994), pp. 718-723
[66.]
M.S. Khuroo, S. Kamili.
Hepatitis E: from hypothesis to reality.
Indian J Gastroenterol, 13 (1994), pp. 39-43
[67.]
K. Bile, A. Isse, O. Mohamud, P. Allebeck, L. Nilsson, H. Norder, et al.
Contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis E epidemic in Somalia.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 51 (1994), pp. 466-474
[68.]
E. Mast, L. Polish, M. Favorov, N. Khudyakova, C. Collins, P. Tukei, et al.
Viral hepatitis and liver disease, pp. 375-378
[69.]
D. Boccia, J.P. Guthmann, H. Klovstad, N. Hamid, M. Tatay, I. Ciglenecki, et al.
High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 1679-1684
[70.]
J.P. Guthmann, H. Klovstad, D. Boccia, N. Hamid, L. Pinoges, J.Y. Nizou, et al.
A large outbreak of hepatitis E among a displaced population in Darfur, Sudan, 2004: the role of water treatment methods.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 1685-1691
[71.]
S. Pina, J. Jofre, S.U. Emerson, R.H. Purcell, R. Girones.
Characterization of a strain of infectious hepatitis E virus isolated from sewage in an area where hepatitis E is not endemic.
Appl Environ Microbiol, 64 (1998), pp. 4485-4488
[72.]
S. Pina, M. Buti, M. Cotrina, J. Piella, R. Girones.
HEV identified in serum from humans with acute hepatitis and in sewage of animal origin in Spain.
J Hepatol, 33 (2000), pp. 826-833
[73.]
P. Clemente-Casares, S. Pina, M. Buti, R. Jardi, M. Martin, S. Bofill-Mas, et al.
Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in industrialized countries.
Emerg Infect Dis, 9 (2003), pp. 448-454
[74.]
C. Kasorndorkbua, T. Opriessnig, F.F. Huang, D.K. Guenette, P.J. Thomas, X.J. Meng, et al.
Infectious swine hepatitis E virus is present in pig manure storage facilities on United States farms, but evidence of water contamination is lacking.
Appl Environ Microbiol, 71 (2005), pp. 7831-7837
[75.]
M.S. Khuroo, S. Kamili, S. Jameel.
Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus.
Lancet, 345 (1995), pp. 1025-1026
[76.]
B. Cacopardo, R. Russo, W. Preiser, F. Benanti, G. Brancati, A. Nunnari.
Acute hepatitis E in Catania (eastern Sicily) 1980-1994. The role of hepatitis E virus.
Infection, 25 (1997), pp. 313-316
[77.]
K. Ishikawa, K. Matsui, T. Madarame, S. Sato, K. Oikawa, T. Uchida.
Hepatitis E probably contracted via a Chinese herbal medicine, demonstrated by nucleotide sequencing.
J Gastroenterol, 30 (1995), pp. 534-538
[78.]
Y. Yazaki, H. Mizuo, M. Takahashi, T. Nishizawa, N. Sasaki, Y. Gotanda, et al.
Sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan, may be food-borne, as suggested by the presence of hepatitis E virus in pig liver as food.
J Gen Virol, 84 (2003), pp. 2351-2357
[79.]
T.C. Li, K. Chijiwa, N. Sera, T. Ishibashi, Y. Etoh, Y. Shinohara, et al.
Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat.
Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (2005), pp. 1958-1960
[80.]
S. Tei, N. Kitajima, K. Takahashi, S. Mishiro.
Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings.
[81.]
M.S. Balayan, R.K. Usmanov, N.A. Zamyatina, D.I. Djumalieva, F.R. Karas.
Brief report: experimental hepatitis E infection in domestic pigs.
J Med Virol, 32 (1990), pp. 58-59
[82.]
E.T. Clayson, B.L. Innis, K.S. Myint, S. Narupiti, D.W. Vaughn, S. Giri, et al.
Detection of hepatitis E virus infections among domestic swine in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 53 (1995), pp. 228-232
[83.]
X.J. Meng, R.H. Purcell, P.G. Halbur, J.R. Lehman, D.M. Webb, T.S. Tsareva, et al.
A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94 (1997), pp. 9860-9865
[84.]
X.J. Meng, P.G. Halbur, J.S. Haynes, T.S. Tsareva, J.D. Bruna, R.L. Royer, et al.
Experimental infection of pigs with the newly identified swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), but not with human strains of HEV.
Arch Virol, 143 (1998), pp. 1405-1415
[85.]
P.G. Halbur, C. Kasorndorkbua, C. Gilbert, D. Guenette, M.B. Potters, R.H. Purcell, et al.
Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human.
J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001), pp. 918-923
[86.]
N. De Deus, C. Seminati, S. Pina, E. Mateu, M. Martin, J. Segales.
Detection of hepatitis E virus in liver, mesenteric lymph node, serum, bile and faeces of naturally infected pigs affected by different pathological conditions.
Vet Microbiol, 34 (2006), pp. 56-60
[87.]
F.F. Huang, G. Haqshenas, D.K. Guenette, P.G. Halbur, S.K. Schommer, F.W. Pierson, et al.
Detection by reverse transcription- PCR and genetic characterization of field isolates of swine hepatitis E virus from pigs in different geographic regions of the United States.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 1326-1332
[88.]
W.H. Van der Poel, F. Verschoor, R. Van der Heide, M.I. Herrera, A. Vivo, M. Kooreman, et al.
Hepatitis E virus sequences in swine related to sequences in humans, The Netherlands.
Emerg Infect Dis, 7 (2001), pp. 970-976
[89.]
S. Fernández-Barredo, C. Galiana, A. García, S. Vega, M.T. Gómez, M.T. Pérez-Gracia.
Detection of hepatitis E virus shedding in feces of pigs at different stages of production using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
J Vet Diagn Invest, 18 (2006), pp. 462-465
[90.]
M.R. Withers, M.T. Correa, M. Morrow, M.E. Stebbins, J. Seriwatana, W.D. Webster, et al.
Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 66 (2002), pp. 384-388
[91.]
Y. Zheng, S. Ge, J. Zhang, Q. Guo, M.H. Ng, F. Wang, et al.
Swine as a principal reservoir of hepatitis E virus that infects humans in eastern China.
J Infect Dis, 193 (2006), pp. 1643-1649
[92.]
B. Olsen, D. Axelsson-Olsson, A. Thelin, O. Weiland.
Unexpected high prevalence of IgG-antibodies to hepatitis E virus in Swedish pig farmers and controls.
Scand J Infect Dis, 38 (2006), pp. 55-58
[93.]
E.T. Clayson, R. Snitbhan, M. Ngarmpochana, D.W. Vaughn, M.P. Shrestha.
Evidence that the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus: detection of natural infections among swine, rats, and chickens in an area endemic for human disease.
Enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses, pp. 329-335
[94.]
Y. Kabrane-Lazizi, J.B. Fine, J. Elm, G.E. Glass, H. Higa, A. Diwan, et al.
Evidence for widespread infection of wild rats with hepatitis E virus in the United States.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 61 (1999), pp. 331-335
[95.]
M. Favorov, M. Kosoy, S. Tsarev, J. Childs, H. Margolis.
Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among rodents in the United States.
J Infect Dis, 181 (2000), pp. 449-455
[96.]
J. He, B.L. Innis, M.P. Shrestha, E.T. Clayson, R.M. Scott, K.J. Linthicum, et al.
Evidence that rodents are a reservoir of hepatitis E virus for humans in Nepal.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 4493-4498
[97.]
N. Tien, H. Clayson, H. Khiem, P. Sac, A. Corwin, K. Myint, et al.
Detection of immunoglobulin G to the hepatitis E virus among several animal species in Vietnam.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 57 (1997), pp. 211
[98.]
M.O. Favorov, H.S. Margolis.
Hepatitis E virus infection: an enterically transmitted cause of hepatitis.
Emerging infections, pp. 1-16
[99.]
V.A. Arankalle, M.V. Joshi, A.M. Kulkarni, S.S. Gandhe, L.P. Chobe, S.S. Rautmare, et al.
Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in different Indian animal species.
J Viral Hepat, 8 (2001), pp. 223-227
[100.]
H. Okamoto, M. Takahashi, T. Nishizawa, R. Usui, E. Kobayashi.
Presence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in Japanese pet cats.
Infection, 32 (2004), pp. 57-58
[101.]
B. Peralta, M. Martín, E. Mateu.
Detección de IgG e IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis E en la población canina de Barcelona.
Laboratorio Veterinario Avedila, 36 (2006), pp. 2-6
[101.]
G. Haqshenas, H.L. Shivaprasad, P.R. Woolcock, D.H. Read, X.J. Meng.
Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States.
J Gen Virol, 82 (2001), pp. 2449-2462
[103.]
G. Haqshenas, F.F. Huang, M. Fenaux, D.K. Guenette, F.W. Pierson, C.T. Larsen, et al.
The putative capsid protein of the newly identified avian hepatitis E virus shares antigenic epitopes with that of swine and human hepatitis E viruses and chicken big liver and spleen disease virus.
J Gen Virol, 83 (2002), pp. 2201-2209
[104.]
X.J. Meng, P.G. Halbur, M.S. Shapiro, S. Govindarajan, J.D. Bruna, I.K. Mushahwar, et al.
Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus.
J Virol, 72 (1998), pp. 9714-9721
[105.]
T.P. Williams, C. Kasorndorkbua, P.G. Halbur, G. Haqshenas, D.K. Guenette, T.E. Toth, et al.
Evidence of extrahepatic sites of replication of the hepatitis E virus in a swine model.
J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001), pp. 3040-3046
Copyright © 2007. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Article options
Tools
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos