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Enfermería Intensiva (English Edition) Utility of the Shock Index at ICU admission as a prognostic tool in patients wit...
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Vol. 37. Issue 2.
(April - June 2026)
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Vol. 37. Issue 2.
(April - June 2026)
Original article

Utility of the Shock Index at ICU admission as a prognostic tool in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS: Implications for nursing practice

Utilidad del Índice de Shock al ingreso en la UCI como herramienta pronóstica en pacientes con SDRA relacionado con COVID-19: implicaciones para la práctica de enfermería
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Marcos Alécio Bispo-de-Andradea, Érika Ramos-Silvab, Rafael Ciro Marques-Cavalcantec, Daniel Vieira-de-Oliveiraa, Rita de Cássia Almeida-Vieirad, Eduesley Santana-Santose,
Corresponding author
a Federal University of Sergipe — Medicine Department, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Science, Brazil
b Federal University of Sergipe — Physical Therapist Department, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Science, Brazil
c Federal University of Sergipe — Pharmacy Department, Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Science, Brazil
d Federal University of Sergipe — Nursing Graduate Program, Brazil
e Federal University of Sergipe — Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Science, Brazil
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Abstract
Objective

To evaluate the prognostic value of the Shock Index (SI) at intensive care unit (ICU) admission in predicting hospital mortality among patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and to explore its potential application in nursing-led risk assessment.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted in five public and private hospitals in Sergipe, Brazil, between April 2020 and January 2022. Adult patients diagnosed with ARDS and admitted to ICUs were included if data were available to calculate the SI (heart rate/systolic blood pressure), along with clinical and laboratory variables. All ARDS cases in this cohort were exclusively secondary to COVID-19 infection. Patients were categorized as survivors or non-survivors. Bivariate analyses, logistic regression, and Cox regression models were used to assess associations with hospital mortality.

Results

A total of 180 patients were included. The hospital mortality rate was 45%. Patients with SI ≥ 0.9 at ICU admission had a significantly higher risk of death (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.01–2.45; p = 0.046). In the adjusted analysis, SI ≥ 0.9 remained independently associated with increased mortality risk (OR: 2.63; 95% CI: 1.21–6.09; p = 0.018), regardless of age, comorbidities, or severity scores. Additional predictors of mortality included advanced age, renal dysfunction, and elevated SAPS-3 and SOFA scores.

Conclusion

The Shock Index at ICU admission demonstrated independent prognostic value for hospital mortality in COVID-19–related ARDS patients. As a simple, cost-effective, and nurse-accessible tool, SI may support early risk stratification, guide care prioritization, and assist in clinical decision-making in intensive care settings.

Keywords:
Shock Index
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Intensive care units
Prognosis
Nursing care
Risk assessment
Resumen
Objetivo

Evaluar el valor pronóstico del Índice de Shock (IS) en el momento del ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) para predecir la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA), y explorar su posible aplicación en la evaluación del riesgo liderada por enfermería.

Métodos

Este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo se llevó a cabo en cinco hospitales públicos y privados de Sergipe, Brasil, entre abril de 2020 y enero de 2022. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de SDRA e ingresados en UCI siempre que se dispusiera de datos para calcular el IS (frecuencia cardíaca/presión arterial sistólica), junto con variables clínicas y de laboratorio. Todos los casos de SDRA en esta cohorte fueron exclusivamente secundarios a la infección por COVID-19. Los pacientes fueron clasificados como sobrevivientes o no sobrevivientes. Se realizaron análisis bivariados, regresión logística y modelos de regresión de Cox para evaluar las asociaciones con la mortalidad hospitalaria.

Resultados

Se incluyeron un total de 180 pacientes. La tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 45%. Los pacientes con IS ≥ 0,9 al ingreso en UCI tuvieron un riesgo significativamente mayor de muerte (HR: 1,57; IC 95%: 1,01–2,45; p = 0,046). En el análisis ajustado, un IS ≥ 0,9 se mantuvo asociado de forma independiente con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad (OR: 2,63; IC 95%: 1,21–6,09; p = 0,018), independientemente de la edad, comorbilidades o puntuaciones de gravedad. Otros predictores de mortalidad incluyeron edad avanzada, disfunción renal y puntuaciones elevadas de SAPS-3 y SOFA.

Conclusión

El Índice de Shock al ingreso en UCI demostró un valor pronóstico independiente para la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con SDRA secundario a COVID-19. Como herramienta simple, rentable y accesible para enfermería, el IS puede apoyar la estratificación temprana del riesgo, orientar la priorización de la atención y contribuir a la toma de decisiones clínicas en el entorno de cuidados intensivos.

Palabras clave:
Índice de choque
Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo
Unidades de cuidados intensivos
Pronóstico
Atención de enfermería
Evaluación del riesgo

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