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Enfermería Intensiva (English Edition) Clinical factors associated with therapeutic effort limitation in critically ill...
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Vol. 37. Issue 1.
(January - March 2026)
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Vol. 37. Issue 1.
(January - March 2026)
Original article

Clinical factors associated with therapeutic effort limitation in critically ill patients: A descriptive study

Factores clinicos asociados a la adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico en pacientes críticos: un estudio descriptivo
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Juan Carlos Muñoz-Camargo
Corresponding author
, Sandra Martínez-Rodríguez, Alberto José Cerrillo-Urbina, Raúl Expósito-González, Alberto Bermejo-Cantarero, Julián Rodríguez-Almagro
Departamento de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Terapia Ocupacional, Facultad de Enfermería de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Abstract
Objective

To analyze the decisions regarding the limitation of therapeutic effort (LTE) adopted in an adult intensive care unit (ICU)

Material and methods

Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study conducted in the adult ICU of a university hospital, equipped with 21 beds and an average of 1,000 annual medical and surgical admissions. All TEL decisions documented during the study period were included; patients diagnosed with brain death were excluded. Clinical, functional, and prognostic variables were collected using validated scales such as APACHE II, Charlson, Karnofsky, Barthel, PAEEC, MPM II, and ODIN.

Results

A total of 1,012 admissions were analyzed, with an intra-ICU mortality rate of 12.9%. Fifty-four cases of TEL were identified (5.3% of all admissions and 42.8% of deaths). The main reason was clinical irreversibility (71%), followed by therapeutic futility (29%). Seventy-two percent of patients were male, with a mean age of 70.5 ± 10.9 years. The median Charlson comorbidity index was 6. Altered baseline quality of life was observed in 68.5% of patients, with moderate to severe impairment in 24.1%. The mean APACHE II score at admission was 22.6 ± 8.6, with an estimated mortality probability of 44.7%.

Conclusions

TEL is a common practice in elderly patients with significant comorbidities and prior functional decline, highlighting the need to establish clear clinical criteria and standardized protocols for its implementation in adult ICUs.

Keywords:
Therapeutic effort limitation
Life-sustaining treatment withdrawal
Quality of life
Intensive care unit
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar las decisiones de adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico (AET) adoptadas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de adultos

Material y métodos

Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal realizado en la UCI de adultos de un hospital universitario, dotada con 21 camas y una media anual de 1.000 ingresos médicos y quirúrgicos. Se incluyeron todas las decisiones de AET registradas durante el periodo de estudio; se excluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico de muerte cerebral. Se recogieron variables clínicas, funcionales y pronósticas mediante escalas validadas como APACHE II, Charlson, Karnofsky, Barthel, PAEEC, MPM II y ODIN.

Resultados

Se analizaron 1.012 ingresos, con una mortalidad intra-UCI del 12,9%. Se identificaron 54 casos de AET (5,3% del total de ingresos y 42,8% de los fallecimientos). El motivo principal fue la irreversibilidad del proceso clínico (71%), seguido de futilidad terapéutica (29%). El 72% de los pacientes eran varones, con una edad media de 70,5 ± 10,9 años. La mediana del índice de Charlson fue 6. El 68,5% presentaba alteración previa en la calidad de vida, siendo moderada o severa en el 24,1%. La puntuación media del APACHE II al ingreso fue de 22,6 ± 8,6, con una probabilidad estimada de mortalidad del 44,7%.

Conclusiones

La AET es una práctica frecuente en pacientes de edad avanzada, con alta comorbilidad y deterioro funcional previo, lo que refuerza la necesidad de establecer criterios clínicos claros y protocolos consensuados para su aplicación en las UCI de adultos.

Palabras clave:
Adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico
Limitación de tratamiento de soporte vital
Calidad de vida
Unidad de cuidados intensivos

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