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Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) Management of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria in severely immunocomp...
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Vol. 44. Issue 2.
(February 2026)
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Vol. 44. Issue 2.
(February 2026)
Original article

Management of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria in severely immunocompromised hosts employing Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT): Preliminary evidence from a real-world observational study

Gestión de infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas en pacientes con inmunosupresión significativa mediante tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso (TADE): evidencia preliminar de un estudio observacional en condiciones reales
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Rosa Anna Passerottoa, Gabriele Giulianob,
Corresponding author
, Domenico Tarantinoc, Francesca Raffaellia, Francesco Taccaria, Giuseppe Pumaa, Enrica Tamburrinia,d, Carlo Tortia,d, Giancarlo Scoppettuoloa
a UOC Malattie Infettive, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
b Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
c UOC Farmacia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
d Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Abstract
Introduction

Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria pose a significant challenge in immunocompromised patients. Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) has emerged as a promising alternative to inpatient care, allowing patients to receive intravenous antimicrobial therapy at home while potentially improving their quality of life. However, data on the efficacy and safety of OPAT in immunocompromised patients remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and clinical outcomes of OPAT in this vulnerable population.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study at a teaching hospital in Rome from 2020 to 2024. We included immunocompromised adult patients (≥18 years) with Gram-negative bacterial infections treated with OPAT. The primary effectiveness endpoint was treatment response. Safety endpoints included adverse events and complications.

Results

A total of 149 immunocompromised patients were included, with a median age of 64 years. The most common infections were urinary tract infections (51.7%) and bloodstream infections (16.8%). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (41.9%), Klebsiella spp. (22.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.1%). The overall clinical cure rate was 88.6% (132/149), while 4.0% (6/149) experienced treatment failure and 3.4% (5/149) had infection recurrence within 60 days. Nearly all patients (91.9%) completed their OPAT treatment course without interruptions. Hospital readmission occurred in 7.4% (11/149) of cases. Complications were rare (5/149, 3.4%).

Conclusion

OPAT proved to be an effective and safe strategy for managing Gram-negative infections in immunocompromised patients. Close clinical and laboratory monitoring contributed to favorable outcomes. Further studies are needed to optimize OPAT protocols in this population.

Keywords:
Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT)
Fragile hosts
Gram-negative bacterial infections
Malignancies
Immunocompromising conditions
Resumen
Introducción

Las infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas representan un desafío en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. El tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso (TADE) surge como alternativa a la hospitalización. Sin embargo, los datos sobre su efectividad y seguridad en esta población siguen siendo limitados. Este estudio evalúa los resultados clínicos del TADE en pacientes inmunocomprometidos.

Métodos

Estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo realizado en un hospital universitario de Roma (2020-2024). Se incluyeron pacientes adultos (≥18años) inmunocomprometidos con infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas tratados con TADE. El objetivo principal fue la respuesta al tratamiento; los objetivos secundarios incluyeron eventos adversos y complicaciones.

Resultados

Se analizaron 149 pacientes (edad mediana: 64 años). Las infecciones más comunes fueron del tracto urinario (51,7%) y bacteriemias (16,8%). Los principales patógenos fueron E. coli (41,9%), Klebsiella spp. (22,8%) y P. aeruginosa (19,1%). La tasa de curación clínica fue del 88,6%; el 4,0% presentó fracaso del tratamiento y el 3,4% tuvo recurrencia a los 60 días. El 91,9% completó el tratamiento sin interrupciones. La readmisión hospitalaria fue del 7,4%, y las complicaciones, del 3,4%.

Conclusión

El TADE demostró ser un tratamiento eficaz y seguro para infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. El estrecho seguimiento clínico y de laboratorio favoreció los buenos resultados. Se necesitan más estudios para optimizar su aplicación en esta población.

Palabras clave:
Tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso (TADE)
Pacientes frágiles
Infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas
Neoplasias
Condiciones inmunocomprometedoras

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