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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) Comparative severity of COVID-19 cases caused by Alpha, Delta or Omicron SARS-Co...
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Vol. 42. Issue 4.
Pages 187-194 (April 2024)
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Vol. 42. Issue 4.
Pages 187-194 (April 2024)
Original article
Comparative severity of COVID-19 cases caused by Alpha, Delta or Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants and its association with vaccination
Gravedad comparativa de los casos de COVID-19 causados por las variantes Alfa, Delta u Ómicron de SARS-CoV-2 y su asociación con la vacunación
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Elena Varea-Jiméneza, Esteban Aznar Canob, Lorena Vega-Pirisa, Elena Vanessa Martínez Sánchezb,c, Clara Mazagatosa,c, Lucía García San Miguel Rodríguez-Alarcónb, Inmaculada Casasc,d, María José Sierra Morosb,e, Maria Iglesias-Caballerod, Sonia Vazquez-Morónd, Amparo Larrauria,c, Susana Mongea,e,
Corresponding author
smonge@isciii.es

Corresponding author.
, Working group for the surveillance and control of COVID-19 f
a National Centre of Epidemiology – Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
b Centre for the Coordination of Alerts and Health Emergencies – Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
c CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Spain
d National Centre of Microbiology – Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
e CIBER Infectious Diseases, Spain
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Characteristics of the sample of hospitalized cases and non-hospitalised controls. Sample for comparison of Alpha and Delta variants in June 2021 and July 2021.
Table 2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between: (a) SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta vs. Alpha and the odds of hospitalization, stratified by vaccination status and (b) between and vaccination status and the odds of hospitalization, stratified by SARS-CoV-2 variant (June and July 2021).
Table 3. Characteristics of the sample of hospitalized cases and non-hospitalised controls. Sample for comparison of Delta and Omicron variants in December 2021 and January 2021.
Table 4. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between: (a) SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron vs. Delta and the odds of hospitalization, stratified by vaccination status and (b) between and vaccination status and the odds of hospitalization, stratified by SARS-CoV-2 variant (December 2021 and January 2022).
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Abstract
Background

This study compares the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections caused by Alpha, Delta or Omicron variants in periods of co-circulation in Spain, and estimates the variant-specific association of vaccination with severe disease.

Methods

SARS-CoV-2 infections notified to the national epidemiological surveillance network with information on genetic variant and vaccination status were considered cases if they required hospitalisation or controls otherwise. Alpha and Delta were compared during June–July 2021; and Delta and Omicron during December 2021–January 2022. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated using logistic regression, comparing variant and vaccination status between cases and controls.

Results

We included 5,345 Alpha and 11,974 Delta infections in June–July and 5,272 Delta and 10,578 Omicron in December–January. Unvaccinated cases of Alpha (aOR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.46–0.69) or Omicron (0.28; 0.21–0.36) had lower probability of hospitalisation vs. Delta. Complete vaccination reduced hospitalisation, similarly for Alpha (0.16; 0.13–0.21) and Delta (June–July: 0.16; 0.14–0.19; December–January: 0.36; 0.30–0.44) but lower from Omicron (0.63; 0.53–0.75) and individuals aged 65+ years.

Conclusion

Results indicate higher intrinsic severity of the Delta variant, compared with Alpha or Omicron, with smaller differences among vaccinated individuals. Nevertheless, vaccination was associated to reduced hospitalisation in all groups.

Keywords:
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Alpha
Delta
Omicron
SARS-CoV-2 variants
Hospitalisation
Vaccination
Resumen
Introducción

El objetivo es comprar la gravedad de las infecciones por las variantes Alfa, Delta y Ómicron del SARS-CoV-2 en periodos de co-circulación en España, y estimar la asociación entre vacunación y gravedad en cada variante.

Métodos

Las infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 notificadas a la red nacional de vigilancia epidemiológica con información sobre la variante viral y el estado de vacunación se clasificaron como casos si habían requerido hospitalización, o como controles en caso contrario. Alfa y Delta se compararon durante junio-julio de 2021, y Delta y Ómicron durante diciembre de 2021-enero de 2022. Se estimaron odds ratios ajustadas (ORa) mediante regresión logística, comparando la variante y el estado de vacunación entre casos y controles.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 5.345 infecciones por variante Alfa y 11.974 por Delta en junio-julio y 5.272 infecciones por Delta y 10.578 por Ómicron en diciembre-enero. Los casos no vacunados por Alfa (aOR: 0,57; IC 95%: 0,46-0,69) u Ómicron (0,28; IC 95%: 0,21-0,36) tuvieron menor probabilidad de hospitalización comparados con Delta. La vacunación completa se asoció a menor hospitalización de forma similar para Alfa (0,16; IC 95%: 0,13-0,21) y Delta (junio-julio: 0,16; IC 95%: 0,14-0,19; diciembre-enero: 0,36; IC 95%: 0,30-0,44) pero menor para Ómicron (0,63; IC 95%: 0,53-0,75) y para individuos con 65+ años.

Conclusión

Los resultados indican una mayor gravedad intrínseca de la variante Delta comparada con Alfa u Ómicron, con menor diferencia entre personas vacunadas. La vacunación se asoció a menor hospitalización en todos los grupos.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Alfa
Delta
Ómicron
SARS-CoV-2 variantes
Hospitalización
Vacuna

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