Buscar en
Endocrinología y Nutrición
Toda la web
Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Metabolismo de las hormonas tiroideas y el yodo en el embarazo. Razones experime...
Journal Information
Vol. 55. Issue S1.
La erradicación de la deficiencia de yodo en españa
Pages 7-17 (January 2008)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 55. Issue S1.
La erradicación de la deficiencia de yodo en españa
Pages 7-17 (January 2008)
La erradicación de la deficiencia de yodo en España
Full text access
Metabolismo de las hormonas tiroideas y el yodo en el embarazo. Razones experimentales para mantener una ingesta de yodo adecuada en la gestación
Thyroid hormone and iodine metabolism in pregnancy. experimental reasons for maintaining adequate iodine intake in pregnancy
Visits
11803
G. Morreale de Escobar
Corresponding author
gmorreale@iib.uam.es

Correspondencia: Dra. G. Morreale de Escobar. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM. Arturo Duperier, 4. 28029 Madrid. España.
, F. Escobar del Rey
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid. España
This item has received
Article information

El yodo es un micronutriente esencial necesario para que la glándula tiroides sintetice 2 hormonas yodadas: la tetrayodotironina (tiroxina, T4) y la 3’,3,5-triyodotironina (T3), con 4 y 3 átomos de yodo respectivamente. Son necesarias durante toda la vida, especialmente la T4 para el desarrollo de la corteza cerebral, desde el primer trimestre del embarazo. La necesidad de un aporte adecuado de yodo se reconoce entre los Derechos de la Infancia, ya que su deficiencia es, después de la inanición extrema, la causa nutricional más frecuente de retraso mental prevenible en el mundo. Aquí desarrollamos varios puntos: ¿son equivalentes la T4 y la T3 para el cerebro en desarrollo?; ¿qué ocurre con la T4 en condiciones de yododeficiencia?; ¿qué cambios impone el feto mismo a la función tiroidea de la madre?; ¿qué ocurre cuando hay yododeficiencia durante el embarazo?; ¿y la lactancia? Contestarlos explica por qué se duplican las necesidades de yodo desde el comienzo mismo del embarazo. Incluso en situaciones de yododeficiencia leve-moderada, prevalentes todavía en España, se requiere la suplementación diaria con al menos 200 μg de yodo, empezando, de ser posible, antes del embarazo y hasta el final de la lactancia.

Palabras clave:
Tiroxina
Gestación
Sistema nervioso central
Yododeficiencia

Iodine is an essential micronutrient without which the thyroid is unable to synthesize and secrete its two iodine-containing hormones, tetra-iodo-thyronine or thyroxine (T4) and 3’, 3, 5-tri-iodothyronine (T3), containing, respectively, 4 and 3 iodine atoms per molecule. Both hormones are needed throughout life, with T4 being especially important for the development of the cerebral cortex as early as during the first trimester of pregnancy. The need for adequate iodine intake is recognized among the Rights of the Child, since, after starvation, iodine deficiency is the most frequent nutritional cause worldwide of preventable mental retardation. The present article discusses several questions: are T4 and T3 equivalent for the developing brain? What happens to T4 during iodine deficiency? What changes are imposed on maternal thyroid function by the fetus? What happens when a pregnant woman is iodine deficient? What effect does breast feeding have on iodine status? The answers to the above questions explain why iodine requirements are doubled from the very onset of pregnancy. Even in conditions of mild-moderate iodine deficiency, which still prevail throughout Spain, daily supplementation of at least 200 μg iodine is required to prevent mental retardation, starting, if possible, before the onset of pregnancy and continuing until the end of breast feeding.

Key words:
Thyroxine
Pregnancy
Neurodevelopment
Iodine deficiency
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
G. Morreale de Escobar, F. Escobar del Rey.
Deficiencia de yodo: Derechos de la Infancia.
An R Acad Nac Med, 115 (1998), pp. 683-701
[2.]
F. Delange.
Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage.
Postgrad Med J, 77 (2001), pp. 217-220
[3.]
F. Delange, P. Lecomte.
Iodine supplementation: benefits outweigh risks.
Drug Saf, 22 (2000), pp. 89-95
[4.]
D. Glinoer, F. Delange.
The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal, and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny.
Thyroid, 10 (2000), pp. 871-877
[5.]
G. Morreale de Escobar, F. Escobar del Rey.
Consequences of iodine deficiency for brain development.
The thyroid and the brain, pp. 33-56
[6.]
G. Morreale de Escobar, M.J. Obregón, F. Escobar del Rey.
Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism, or to maternal hypothyroxinemia?.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85 (2000), pp. 3975-3987
[7.]
G. Morreale de Escobar, M.J. Obregón, F. Escobar del Rey.
Maternal thyroid hormones early in pregnancy and fetal brain development.
Best Prac Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 18 (2004), pp. 225-248
[8.]
G. Morreale de Escobar.
Yodo y embarazo.
Yodo y salud en el siglo XXI, pp. 105-144
[9.]
G. Morreale de Escobar, M.J. Obregón, F. Escobar del Rey.
Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development.
Eur J Endocrinol, 151 (2004), pp. U25-U37
[10.]
Proceso Asistencial Integrado del embarazo, parto y puerperio. Sevilla: Consejería de Salud de Andalucía (SAS); 2005. p. 110.
[11.]
F. Delange, J.T. Dunn, D. Glinoer.
Specific recommendation on iodine nutrition for mothers and infants in Europe.
Iodine deficiency in Europe, pp. 478-479
[12.]
G. Morreale de Escobar, F. Escobar del Rey.
El yodo durante la gestación, lactancia y primera infancia. Cantidades mínimas y máximas: de microgramos a gramos.
Prog Diag Tratamiento Prenatal, 17 (2005), pp. 111-117
[13.]
R.M. Calvo, M.J. Obregón, C. Ruiz de Oña, F. Escobar del Rey, G. Morreale de Escobar.
Congenital hypothyroidism, as studied in rats: Crucial role of maternal thyroxine but not of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine in the protection of the fetal brain.
J Clin Invest, 86 (1990), pp. 889-899
[14.]
M.H. Kester, R. Martinez de Mena, M.J. Obregon, D. Marinkovic, A. Howatson, T.J. Visser, et al.
Iodothyronine levels in the human developing brain: major regulatory roles of iodothyronine deiodinases in different areas.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (2004), pp. 3117-3128
[15.]
P.E. Pedraza, M.J. Obregon, H.F. Escobar-Morreale, F.E. Del Rey, G.M. De Escobar.
Mechanisms of adaptation to iodine deficiency in rats: thyroid status is tissue specific. Its relevance for man.
Endocrinology, 147 (2006), pp. 2098-2108
[16.]
R.M. Calvo, E. Jauniaux, B. Gulbis, M. Asuncion, C. Gervy, B. Contempre, et al.
Fetal tissues are exposed to biologically relevant free thyroxine concentrations during early phases of development.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (2002), pp. 1768-1777
[17.]
D. Glinoer.
Regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy: importance of the iodine nutrition status.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 18 (2004), pp. 133-152
[18.]
S. Ares, H.F. Escobar-Morreale, J. Quero, S. Durán, M.J. Presas, R. Herruzo, et al.
Neonatal hypothyroxinemia: Effects of iodine intake and premature birth.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (1997), pp. 1704-1712
[19.]
S. Ares, H. Escobar-Morreale, J. Quero, S. Durán, M.J. Presas, R. Herruzo, et al.
Thyroid hormone metabolism in premature infants and their neurodevelopment.
The thyroid and the brain, pp. 85-96
[20.]
Iodized oil during pregnancy. Safe use of iodized oil to prevent iodine deficiency in pregnant women: a WHO statement. Bull WHO. 1996;74: 1-3 Disponible en: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_NHD_01.1.pdf
[21.]
F. Vermiglio, V.P. Lo Presti, M. Moleti, M. Sidoti, G. Tortorella, G. Scaffidi, et al.
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in the offspring of mothers exposed to iodine deficiency. A possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries?.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (2004), pp. 6054-6060
[22.]
R. Lavado-Autric, E. Ausó, J.V. García-Velasco, M.C. Arufe, F. Escobar del Rey, P. Berbel, et al.
Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny.
J Clin Invest, 111 (2003), pp. 1073-1082
[23.]
E. Ausó, R. Lavado-Autric, E. Cuevas, F. Escobar del Rey, G. Morreale de Escobar, P. Berbel.
A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration.
Endocrinology, 145 (2004), pp. 4037-4047
[24.]
A.C. Bianco, D. Salvatore, B. Gereben, M.J. Berry, P.R. Larsen.
Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases.
Endocr Rev, 23 (2002), pp. 38-89
[25.]
W. Teng, Z. Shan, X. Teng, H. Guan, Y. Li, D. Teng, et al.
Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China.
N Engl J Med, 354 (2006), pp. 2783-2793
Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Article options
Tools
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos