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Vol. 54. Issue S1.
Tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos
Pages 15-20 (January 2007)
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Vol. 54. Issue S1.
Tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos
Pages 15-20 (January 2007)
Tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos
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Insulinoma
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Irene Halperin Rabinovich
Corresponding author
halperin@clinic.ub.es

Correspondencia: Dra. I. Halperin Rabinovich. Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona. España.
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Clínic. Universitat de Barcelona. España
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Los insulinomas son tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos secretores de insulina, infrecuentes (1-4 casos/millón de habitantes), generalmente pequeños, únicos, benignos y esporádicos; los casos múltiples (hasta un 10%) a menudo se presentan en las formas familiares (neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 [MEN1]), debidas a mutaciones germinales inactivadoras del gen menina, un gen supresor tumoral localizado en el cromosoma 11 (11q13). Por mecanismos aún no aclarados, se produce una secreción excesiva de insulina, aun en presencia de hipoglucemia, que es el rasgo clínico más constante. El diagnóstico funcional del insulinoma consiste en demostrar hiperinsulinismo endógeno (insulina, proinsulina y péptido-C dosificables) en presencia de hipoglucemia, detectada espontáneamente (generalmente, en ayunas o tras el ejercicio) o bien en el curso de una prueba de ayuno de hasta 72h. La localización morfológica puede ser difícil, dado que la mayoría de los tumores son < 2cm; las exploraciones más demostrativas son la tomografía computarizada helicoidal y la ecoendoscopia; puede ser útil la gammagrafía con indio-111 pentateótrido, y en casos seleccionados (no localizados, recidivas) la arteriografía selectiva con estimulación con calcio. El tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico, por laparotomía o laparoscopia, con extensión (enucleación, resección parcial o pancreatectomía) que dependerá del tamaño, la localización y la naturaleza única o múltiple del tumor. El tratamiento farmacológico, reservado para insulinomas malignos no resecables o contraindicaciones absolutas de la cirugía, incluye diazóxido, verapamilo, análogos de la somatostatina (efectivos en el 50% de los casos), y diversas pautas de asociación de estreptozotocina, 5-fluorouracilo e interferón α.

Palabras clave:
Insulinoma
Hipoglucemia
Tumor neuroendocrino pancreático
MEN1

Insulinomas are highly infrequent (1-4 cases/million) pancreatic endocrine insulin-secreting tumors; they are usually small, solitary, benign, and sporadic. Multifocal tumors (up to 10%) are usually familial (MEN-1), due to inactivating germinal mutations of a tumor suppressor gene (menin gene) located on chromosome 11q13. Excessive insulin secretion due to unknown mechanisms occurs in the presence of hypoglycemia, which is the main clinical manifestation. Functional diagnosis is established by the finding of endogenous hyperinsulinism (detectable insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide) in the presence of either spontaneous or fast-induced hypoglycemia. Morphological localization can be difficult, as most tumors are smaller than 2cm. The procedures of choice are spiral computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography; In 111-pentatreotide scanning may be useful, and selective calcium-stimulated arteriography is an alternative in selected situations (negative localization or relapse). The treatment of choice is surgery, either through laparotomy or laparoscopy; surgical extent (enucleation, partial or total pancreatectomy) is determined by tumor size, localization, and uni- or multifocality. Drug treatment is limited to malignant, irresectable insulinomas, or to patients with absolute surgical contraindications; diazoxide, verapamil and somatostatin analogs may be used (the latter is only effective in 50% of cases), as well as various associations of streptozotocin, 5-fluorouracyl and interferon-alpha.

Key words:
Insulinoma
Hypoglycemia
Pancreatic endocrine tumor
MEN-1
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Copyright © 2007. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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