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Vol. 50. Issue 7.
Pages 274-279 (July 2003)
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Vol. 50. Issue 7.
Pages 274-279 (July 2003)
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Fallo celular beta y progresión de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Beta-cell failure and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus
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F.J. Ampudia-Blasco
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francisco.j.ampudia@uv.es

Correspondencia: Dr. F.J. Ampudia-Blasco. Unidad de Referencia de Diabetes. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17. 46010 Valencia. España.
Unidad de Referencia de Diabetes. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia. Valencia. España
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La diabetes afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo. Tanto las alteraciones en la sensibilidad de la insulina como en la secreción de la insulina están presentes en la diabetes tipo 2, y es probable que ambas estén genéticamente predeterminadas. La diabetes tipo 2 se caracteriza por una pérdida progresiva de la función de la célula beta durante el curso de la enfermedad. Estudios realizados en diferentes grupos étnicos han demostrado que la progresión desde la tolerancia normal a la glucosa a la diabetes tipo 2 resulta de la pérdida gradual de la función de la célula beta, en presencia de resistencia a la insulina. Esta progresión ocurre a pesar del uso de terapias antidiabéticas inicialmente eficaces, como se demostró en el United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). Factores ambientales (obesidad, falta de ejercicio) y los efectos tóxicos de la hiperglucemia y los valores elevados de ácidos grasos libres pueden contribuir conjuntamente al deterioro de la célula beta. Entre las alteraciones de la célula beta en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 se incluyen defectos en la secreción de insulina, en la conversión de proinsulina a insulina, y depósito de amiloide en los islotes pancreáticos. Es probable que una intervención temprana y agresiva, potencialmente mediante el uso de terapias combinadas y dirigida contra los mecanismos patogénicos subyacentes en la diabetes tipo 2, pueda mejorar el manejo terapéutico de la enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
Resistencia a la insulina
Fallo de célula beta
Disfunción de la célula beta
Patogenia
Diabetes tipo 2

Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide. Defects in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are both present in type 2 diabetes and both are probably genetically predetermined. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a progressive loss of beta-cell function throughout the course of the disease. Studies in different ethnic groups have shown that progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes results from gradual deterioration in beta-cell function in the presence of insulin resistance. This progression occurs despite initially effective antidiabetic therapies, as demonstrated by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). Environmental factors (obesity, lack of exercise) and the toxic effects of hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acids may all contribute to beta-cell deterioration. Betacell changes in patients with type 2 diabetes include defects in insulin secretion, proinsulin conversion to insulin, and amyloid deposition in the pancreatic islets. Early and aggressive intervention, potentially though combined therapies directed against the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes, would probably improve the clinical management of this disease.

Key words:
Insulin resistance
Beta-cell failure
Beta-cell dysfunction
Pathogenesis
Type 2 diabetes
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Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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