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Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.) Prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in patients with ...
Journal Information
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370
Vol. 73. Issue 4.
(April 2026)
Original article

Prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in patients with heart failure

Prevalencia de desnutrición, sarcopenia y obesidad sarcopénica en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca
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M. Carmen Dameto Pons
Corresponding author
carmendameto@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Elena González Arnáiz, María Antequera González, María Casado Rodríguez, Diana García Sastre, María García Duque, Javier Castañón Alonso, Diana Ariadel Cobo, María D. Ballesteros Pomar
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, Gerencia de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), León, Spain
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Abstract
Introduction

Malnutrition, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity have a significant impact on patients with heart failure. Therefore, it is important to perform nutritional assessment in this group of patients. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in patients with heart failure, assess their quality of life, and eventually reassess their nutritional status.

Methodology

We conducted an observational study of patients with heart failure randomly referred by thecCardiology department and examined from 2021 through 2022 in the Nutrition department and then re-evaluated in 2024. The diagnosis of malnutrition was established using the GLIM criteria; sarcopenia was diagnosed according to EWGSOP2, and sarcopenic obesity according to the ESPEN/EASO criteria.

Results

A total of 41 patients were evaluated between 2021 and 2022, of whom 23 were re-evaluated in 2024. A total of 82.6% were men (mean age, 64 yeras [SD, 10.6]). Initially the prevalence of malnutrition was 21.7%; sarcopenia, 8.7%; and sarcopenic obesity, 4.3%. Caloric and protein requirements were not reached in 63.2% and 47.4%, respectively. A total of 26.1% of patients had a low calf circumference (CC) value; 100% had low lower limb strength, 90.9% had low gait speed, and 50% had low stability. All patients (100%) had a good quality of life as assessed by the MLHFQ questionnaire. At reassessment, the prevalence of malnutrition was 21.7%; sarcopenia, 17.4%; and sarcopenic obesity, 8.7%. Caloric and protein requirements were not reached in 60.9% and 78.3%, respectively. Furthermore, 52.2% had low CC value, 100% had low lower limb strength, 91.3% had low speed and 43.5% had low stability. A total of 91.3% had a good quality of life as assessed by the MLHFQ questionnaire.

Conclusions

Approximately 20% of patients with heart failure exhibit malnutrition at initial assessment and during follow-up. A high percentage of patients do not achieve nutritional requirements, presenting deterioration in functional tests and worsening quality of life. It is therefore advisable to establish early and sustained nutritional screening and assessment strategies in these patients, establishing the appropriate nutritional medical treatment.

Keywords:
Malnutrition
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenic obesity
Heart failure
Resumen
Introducción

La desnutrición, la sarcopenia y la obesidad sarcopénica tienen implicaciones clínicas en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, por ello es importante realizar una valoración nutricional en este grupo de pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de desnutrición, sarcopenia y obesidad sarcopénica en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, valorar la calidad de vida y reevaluar su situación nutricional.

Metodología

Estudio observacional prospectivo de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca derivados de manera aleatoria por el servicio de Cardiología y valorados entre 2021-2022 en consultas de Nutrición, y posteriormente reevaluados en 2024. El diagnóstico de desnutrición se realizó mediante criterios GLIM, el diagnóstico de sarcopenia según EGSWOP2 y de obesidad sarcopénica según criterios ESPEN/EASO.

Resultados

41 pacientes evaluados en 2021-2022 de los cuales 23 fueron reevaluados en 2024. El 82,6% eran varones, edad media 64 (DE 10,6) años. Inicialmente la prevalencia de desnutrición fue del 21,7%, de sarcopenia 8,7% y de obesidad sarcopénica 4,3%. El 63,2% y el 47,4% no alcanzaban requerimientos calóricos y proteicos respectivamente. El 26,1% presentaron valor de CP baja, el 100% baja fuerza en extremidades inferiores, el 90,9% baja velocidad y el 50% baja estabilidad. El 100% presentaba buena calidad de vida objetivada mediante el cuestionario MLHFQ. En la reevaluación, la prevalencia de desnutrición fue 21,7%, de sarcopenia 17,4% y de obesidad sarcopénica 8,7%. El 60,9% y el 78,3% no alcanzaban requerimientos calóricos y proteicos respectivamente. Además, el 52,2% presentaron valor de CP baja, el 100% baja fuerza en extremidades inferiores, el 91,3% baja velocidad y el 43,5% baja estabilidad. El 91,3% presentaba una buena calidad de vida objetivada mediante el cuestionario MLHFQ.

Conclusiones

Aproximadamente un 20% de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca presentan desnutrición en la valoración inicial y durante el seguimiento. Un elevado porcentaje de pacientes no alcanza requerimientos nutricionales, presentando un deterioro en las pruebas funcionales y empeoramiento en la calidad de vida. Por ello, es conveniente establecer estrategias de cribado y valoración nutricional de forma precoz y mantenidas en el tiempo en estos pacientes, instaurando el tratamiento médico nutricional oportuno.

Palabras clave:
Desnutrición
Sarcopenia
Obesidad sarcopénica
Insuficiencia cardiaca

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