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Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition) Atherogenic risk in commerce and industry workers: Associations with sociodemogr...
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Vol. 38. Issue 5.
(September - October 2026)
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Vol. 38. Issue 5.
(September - October 2026)
Original article

Atherogenic risk in commerce and industry workers: Associations with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in a large Spanish occupational cohort

Riesgo aterogénico en trabajadores de los sectores comercio e industria: asociación con factores sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida en una amplia cohorte laboral española
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María Pilar Fernández-Figares Viciosoa, María Teófila Vicente-Herreroa,b, Pere Riutord Sbertb, José Ignacio Ramírez-Manentb,c,d, Pedro Juan Tárraga Marcose,
Corresponding author
pjtarraga@sescam.jccm.es

Corresponding author.
, José Luis del Barrio Fernándezf, Ángel Arturo López-Gonzáleza,b
a Grupo de Obesidad y Síndrome Metabólico, Asociación Española de Especialistas en Medicina del Trabajo, Madrid, Spain
b Grupo de Investigación ADEMA-Health, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IDISBA), Palma, Spain
d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
e Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
f Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Background

Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) and associated lipid ratios are critical markers for cardiovascular risk, yet little is known about how these markers vary by occupational sector and sociodemographic or lifestyle factors in working populations.

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence and determinants of elevated atherogenic risk according to total cholesterol/HDL-c (TC/HDL-c), LDL-c/HDL-c, triglycerides/HDL-c (TG/HDL-c), and AD in workers from the commerce and industry sectors, stratified by sex, age, education, physical activity, diet, and smoking.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 56,856 Spanish workers (39,448 men and 17,408 women) from commerce (n = 27,448) and industry (n = 29,408). Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected, and atherogenic risk was assessed using TC/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c ratios, and AD presence. Mean values and prevalence were compared by group, and multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between risk markers and covariates.

Results

Workers in the industry sector showed higher mean values and prevalence of all atherogenic risk scales compared to those in commerce, particularly among men and older age groups. Male sex, older age, lower education, physical inactivity, absence of Mediterranean diet, and smoking were consistently associated with higher odds of elevated lipid ratios and AD. Notably, the absence of physical activity was strongly associated with all outcomes, with ORs ranging from 3.08 to 11.66. The industrial sector was independently associated with increased risk: TC/HDL-c (OR = 1.23), LDL-c/HDL-c (OR = 1.15), TG/HDL-c (OR = 1.16), and AD (OR = 1.19).

Conclusions

Atherogenic risk profiles are less favorable among industrial workers and are significantly influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors. These findings support the need for preventive strategies tailored to the occupational context, with emphasis on promoting physical activity, smoking cessation, and healthier dietary habits, in order to reduce cardiovascular risk in these populations.

Keywords:
Atherogenic dyslipidemia
Atherogenic risk
LIFESTYLE factors
Physical activity
Mediterranean diet
Resumen
Introducción

La dislipidemia aterogénica (DA) y las razones lipídicas asociadas constituyen marcadores fundamentales del riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia sobre cómo varían estos marcadores según el sector ocupacional y factores sociodemográficos o de estilo de vida en poblaciones trabajadoras.

Objetivo

Evaluar la prevalencia y los determinantes del riesgo aterogénico elevado, definido a partir de las razones colesterol total/HDL-c (CT/HDL-c), LDL-c/HDL-c, triglicéridos/HDL-c (TG/HDL-c) y la presencia de DA, en trabajadores de los sectores comercio e industria, estratificando por sexo, edad, nivel educativo, actividad física, adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y tabaquismo.

Métodos

Estudio transversal con 56.856 trabajadores españoles (39.448 hombres y 17.408 mujeres), procedentes del sector comercio (n = 27.448) e industrial (n = 29.408). Se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de estilo de vida. El riesgo aterogénico se valoró mediante las razones CT/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c y la presencia de DA. Se compararon valores medios y prevalencias por grupo, y se aplicó regresión logística multinomial para estimar la asociación entre los marcadores de riesgo y las covariables.

Resultados

Los trabajadores del sector industrial presentaron valores medios y prevalencias más elevadas en todas las escalas de riesgo aterogénico en comparación con los del sector comercio, especialmente entre los hombres y los grupos de mayor edad. El sexo masculino, la edad avanzada, un nivel educativo bajo, la inactividad física, la ausencia de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el tabaquismo se asociaron de manera consistente con mayores probabilidades de presentar razones lipídicas elevadas y DA. Destaca la asociación robusta entre la inactividad física y todos los desenlaces analizados, con Odds Ratios (OR) entre 3,08 y 11,66. Además, trabajar en el sector industrial se asoció de forma independiente con un mayor riesgo: CT/HDL-c (OR = 1,23), LDL-c/HDL-c (OR = 1,15), TG/HDL-c (OR = 1,16) y DA (OR = 1,19).

Conclusiones

Los perfiles de riesgo aterogénico son más desfavorables en los trabajadores del sector industrial y están significativamente influenciados por factores modificables del estilo de vida. Estos hallazgos justifican estrategias preventivas adaptadas al contexto laboral, con énfasis en la promoción de la actividad física, el abandono del hábito tabáquico y la mejora de los hábitos alimentarios, para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular en estas poblaciones.

Palabras clave:
Dislipidemia aterogénica
Riesgo aterogénico
Factores de estilo de vida
Actividad física
Dieta mediterránea

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