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Vol. 23. Issue S2.
Nuevos horizontes en el tratamiento global del riesgo cardiovascular del paciente diabético
Pages 9-16 (September 2011)
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Vol. 23. Issue S2.
Nuevos horizontes en el tratamiento global del riesgo cardiovascular del paciente diabético
Pages 9-16 (September 2011)
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Tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia y prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares mediante la inhibición de la reabsorción de ácidos biliares con resincolestiramina
Treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of cardiovascular diseases through inhibition of bile acid reabsorption with resin cholestyramine
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Xavier Pintóa,
Corresponding author
xpinto@bellvitgehospital.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, Manuel Zúñigab
a Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
b Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander
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Resumen

La resincolestiramina es un agente secuestrador de ácidos biliares que disminuye el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL) mediante la interrupción parcial de la circulación enterohepática de los ácidos biliares. Carece de efectos sistémicos, por lo que puede utilizarse en las mujeres en edad fértil, en la infancia y en los pacientes con trastornos musculares, hepáticos o renales. Su administración ha de separarse de la toma de otros fármacos. La resincolestiramina potencia el efecto hipocolesteremiante de las estatinas, pero también de los fibratos, del ácido nicotínico y de ezetimiba. Cuando se añade a un tratamiento con estatinas, el cLDL disminuye un 20% adicional, lo cual equivale a doblar 3 veces la dosis de estatina. En un metaanálisis de 8 ensayos clínicos con resinas se constató una disminución de la mortalidad de causa cardíaca de un 30% (odds ratio: 0,70; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,50–0,99), un porcentaje no inferior al observado con estatinas. La resincolestiramina disminuye la glucemia posprandial y la hemoglobina glucosilada, por lo que se considera de particular interés en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia de los pacientes con síndrome metabólico o con diabetes tipo 2 en los que no se alcanzan los objetivos del cLDL con estatinas en monoterapia. Los antiguos preparados de resinas provocaban con frecuencia intolerancia digestiva, mientras que las nuevas preparaciones galénicas de resincolestiramina utilizadas a dosis de 4 a 8g (1–2 sobres) al día, suficientes para obtener su efecto hipolipemiante, son bien toleradas en la mayoría de los casos.

Palabras clave:
Resincolestiramina
Resinas de intercambio
Secuestradores de ácidos biliares
Fármacos hipolipemiantes
Abstract

Cholestyramine resin is a bile acid sequestrant that reduces low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) through partial interruption of enterohepatic bile acid circulation. This drug has no systemic effects and consequently can be used in women of reproductive age, in children and in patients with muscular, liver or renal disorders. Cholestyramine resin should be administered separately from other drugs. This agent boosts the lipidlowering effect of statins, as well as that of fibrates, nicotinic acid and ezetimibe. Adding cholestyramine resin to statin therapy reduces LDL-c by an additional 20%, equivalent to a 3-fold increase in the statin dose. A meta-analysis of eight clinical trials found that resins reduced mortality from cardiac causes by 30% (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.50–0.99), a figure not lower than that observed with statins. Cholestyramine resin reduces postprandial glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin and consequently is of particular interest in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes who have failed to achieve LDL-c targets with statin monotherapy. Previously used resin preparations often produced gastrointestinal intolerance, while the new galenical preparations of cholestyramine resin used at a dose of 4–8 grams (1–2 sachets) per day – sufficient to obtain a lipid-lowering effect – are usually well tolerated.

Keywords:
Cholestyramine resin
Anion exchange resins
Bile acid sequestrants
Lipid-lowering drugs
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