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Vol. 15. Issue 2.
Pages 59-65 (January 2003)
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Vol. 15. Issue 2.
Pages 59-65 (January 2003)
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Mutaciones del receptor de LDL que permiten considerar la hipercolesterolemia familiar dentro de las enfermedades del plegamiento de las proteínas
LDL-Receptor mutations allowing familial hypercholesterolemia to be considered as a protein-folding disease
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C. Machicado, S. Castillo, M. Bueno, M. Pocoví, J. Sancho
Corresponding author
jsancho@posta.unizar.es

Correspondencia: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular. Facultad de Ciencías. Universidad de Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna, 12. 50009 Zaragoza. España.
Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Zaragoza. Zaragoza. España
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Fundamento

La hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) es una hiperlipidemia autosómica dominante asociada a defectos en el receptor de LDL (rLDL). La reciente determinación de la estructura tridimensional de parte de sus dominios permite investigar las causas moleculares de la HF. En particular, el rLDL presenta 7 módulos LA que unen las LDL. La estructura de los módulos LA se estabiliza mediante interacciones cuya integridad resulta crítica para preservar la función.

Métodos

Utilizando el programa MultiAlign y las secuencias de los módulos LA depositadas en el Protein Data Bank (PDB) se han analizado, desde el punto de vista estructural, las mutaciones del rLDL encontradas en pacientes españoles.

Resultados

Las mutaciones localizadas en los módulos LA (18 mutaciones distintas) conducen en la mayor parte de los casos (89%) a una desestabilización drástica del receptor. Las mutaciones con probable defecto estructural se clasifican en 3 grupos: a) mutaciones en cisteínas, consistentes en 7 mutaciones distintas que afectan a los 3 puentes disulfuro de los módulos LA. Los módulos LA pertenecen a la categoría de pequeñas proteínas estabilizadas por puentes disulfuro; b) mutaciones en los residuos ácidos de unión a Ca2+, con 6 mutaciones distintas que afectan a dos de los 4 residuos implicados en la unión del metal. La correcta unión de Ca2+ es necesaria para aliviar la repulsión electrostática de los 4 grupos ácidos que confluyen en esta zona del módulo, y c) mutaciones de los residuos que enlazan la horquilla beta con el resto del módulo, constituidas por 3 mutaciones distintas que afectan a los dos residuos implicados en la orientación de la horquilla beta.

Conclusiones

El análisis estructural indica que estas mutaciones producen una desestabilización de la proteína. Si este hecho se confirma, podemos anticipar la conveniencia de desarrollar una nueva familia de fármacos hipolipemiantes que consista en ligandos que se unan a los módulos LA mal plegados (en zonas que no interfieran con su unión a LDL) rescatando su conformación nativa funcional.

Palabras clave:
Hipercolesterolemia familiar
Plegamiento de proteínas
Conformación nativa
Background

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomic and dominant hyperlipidemia associated to deffects in the LDL-receptor (LDL-r). The recent and partial determination of the tridimensional structure of LDL-r domains allows to research the FH molecular basis. Particularly, LDL-r presents seven LA modules which bind LDL particles. The structure of LA modules is stabilysed by means of interactions whose integrity is essential for keeping the function.

Methods

Mutations in the LDL-r from Spanish patients have been analysed from the structural and energetic point of view. We have used the MultiAlign, InsightII and WebLab programs and the sequences of LA modules deposited in Protein Data Bank (PDB).

Results

In most of cases (89%), the mutations located in LA modules (18 different mutations) lead to a drastic destabilization of LDL-r. Mutations relating to probable structural deffects are classified in 3 groups: a) mutations in cisteins: 7 different mutations that modify 3 disulphide bonds in LA modules. LA modules pertain to a small categorie of proteins stabilysed by disulphur bonds; b) mutations in acidic Ca2+-binding residues: 6 different mutations that affect to 2 of 4 residues involved in Ca2+ binding. The correct Ca2+ binding is needed for aliviating the electrostatic repulsion of four acidic groups which are located in this region of the LA module, and c) mutations of residues that link the beta hairpin to the rest of the LA module: 3 different mutations that affect to 2 residues involved in the orientation of the beta hairping.

Conclusions

The structural analysis indicates that these mutations produce an LDL-r destabilisation. If this fact is confirmed, we could anticipate the interest of developing a new family of pharmacologic molecules consisting of ligand binders to misfolded LA modules (at regions where none interference to LDL binding occurrs) so rescuing their native functional conformation.

Key words:
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Protein folding
Native conformation
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