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Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages 175-183 (January 2003)
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Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages 175-183 (January 2003)
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Efecto de los fitosteroles sobre la biosíntesis de colesterol y la proliferación en células humanas
Effect of phytosterols on cholesterol biosynthesis and human cell proliferation
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C. Fernándeza, M. Martína, D. Gómez-Coronadoa, M.A. Lasuncióna,b,1
Corresponding author
miguel.a.lasuncion@hrc.es

Correspondencia: Miguel A. Lasunción. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Universidad de Alcalá. 28771 Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. España.
a Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid
b Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Universidad de Alcalá. Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. España
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Introducción y objetivos

Se sabe que el consumo de fitosteroles reduce la concentración de colesterol en plasma, debido a la interferencia de estos compuestos en la absorción intestinal de colesterol. Aunque en pequeña proporción, los fitosteroles de la dieta también se asimilan, y su concentración en el plasma es mil veces inferior a la del colesterol. Dada su analogía estructural con el colesterol, nos planteamos determinar el efecto de distintos fitosteroles sobre la biosíntesis de colesterol en células humanas y su repercusión sobre la proliferación celular.

Método

Las células de la línea promielocítica humana HL-60 se cultivaron en un medio libre de colesterol (DCCM-1) en presencia de los diferentes esteroles en estudio y de [14C]-acetato como precursor para la biosíntesis de colesterol. Al cabo de 8 h de incubación se lisaron las células y se extrajeron los lípidos no saponificables, que posteriormente fueron analizados mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La proliferación celular se analizó determinando la incorporación de [3H]-timidina al ADN y por recuento de las células.

Resultados

Los fitosteroles insaturados en el C22 de la cadena lateral –estigmasterol, brasicasterol y ergosterol– inhibieron la biosíntesis de colesterol en células HL-60 en concentraciones fisiológicas, de 1 fg/ml, mientras que los otros fitosteroles ––-sitosterol y campesterol– fueron inactivos incluso en concentraciones de 30 ig/ml.

El 5,22-colestadien-3E-ol, un esterol no natural que contiene también un doble enlace en C22, inhibió la incorporación de [14C]-acetato a colesterol mucho más intensamente que los anteriores. El descenso de 14C-colesterol se acompañó de un aumento de la radiactividad en desmosterol y también, aunque menos intensamente, en 5,7,24-colestatrien-3m-ol. A pesar de estos cambios en la composición celular de esteroles, los fitosteroles no afectaron la viabilidad ni la proliferación de las células HL-60, lo que sugiere que los esteroles intermediarios pueden suplir al colesterol en sus funciones en la división celular.

Conclusiones

Los fitosteroles con doble enlace en C22 inhiben la biosíntesis de colesterol a valor de la esterol d24-reductasa en concentraciones que pueden considerarse fisiológicas, por lo que esta acción puede considerarse un mecanismo adicional para explicar los efectos hipolipemiantes de estos compuestos.

Palabras clave:
Biosíntesis de colesterol
Desmosterol
Fitosteroles
Proliferación celular
HL-60
Introduction

Dietary phytosterols reduce plasma cholesterol levels by interfering with cholesterol absorption in the intestine. Phytosterols are also absorbed, although to a lesser extent, and their concentration in plasma is one thousand-fold lower than that of cholesterol. Due to their structural similarities with cholesterol, in the present study we sought to determine the effects of different phytosterols on cholesterol biosynthesis in human cells, as well as their effects on cell proliferation.

Method

Human promyelocytic cell line HL-60 was cultured in a cholesterol-free medium (DCCM-1) in the presence of the sterols under study and [14C]-acetate as precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis. After incubation for 8 hours, the cells were lysed and non-saponifiable lipids were extracted and subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cell proliferation was determined by [wH]-thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell counting.

Results

In HL-60 cells, C22-unsaturated phytosterols (stigmasterol, brassicasterol and ergosterol) inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis at physiological concentrations of 1 cg/ml, whereas the other phytosterols analyzed (a-sitosterol and campesterol) were inactive, even at concentrations of 30 ig/ml.

The non-natural sterol, 5,22-cholestadien-3T-ol, which also contains a double bond at C22, inhibited 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol much more intensely. The decrease in 14C-cholesterol was accompanied by an increase in radioactivity incorporation into desmosterol and, less markedly, in 5,7,24-cholestatrien-35-ol. Despite these changes in the cellular composition of sterols, phytosterols did not affect cell viability or growth, suggesting that these cholesterol precursors may substitute for cholesterol in cell proliferation.

Conclusions

Phytosterols with a double bond at C22-23 in the lateral chain block cholesterol biosynthesis in human cells by inhibiting sterol b24- reductase. This effect is reached at concentrations found physiologically in plasma. Therefore, it can be considered as an additional mechanism for the hypolipidemic effect of these compounds.

Key words:
Cholesterol biosynthesis
Desmosterol
Phytosterols
Cell proliferation
HL-60
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