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Cirugía Española (English Edition) Impact of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiota and metabolomic profile of the...
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Impact of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiota and metabolomic profile of the enterohepatic axis in an experimental model of obesity

Impacto de la cirugía bariátrica sobre la microbiota intestinal y el perfil metabolómico del eje entero-hepático en un modelo experimental de obesidad
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Elisabet Homsa, Margarida Vivesa,
Corresponding author
, Helena Torrellb, Daniel Del Castilloa, Antonio Sáncheza, Fátima Sabenchc
a Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Sant Joan de Reus, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
b Unidad de Ciencias Ómicas, Centro Eurecat (Centro Tecnológico de Cataluña). Reus, Spain
c Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad de Cirugía. IISPV, Hospital Universitario de Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
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Abstract

Obesity is a complex metabolic disease associated with alterations in the gut microbiota and the metabolism of fatty acids and bile acids. Bariatric surgery can modify this axis, contributing to benefits beyond weight loss, and the response may differ between surgical techniques. This study investigates this differential impact in an experimental model of obesity. Both surgical procedures reduced body weight, although gastric bypass (GB) induced a more sustained weight loss and deeper metabolic changes. GB significantly decreased butyrate levels while increasing bile acids and the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides. Only GB reduced serum TMAO levels, a metabolite linked to cardiovascular risk, possibly through modulation of the hepatic enzyme FMO3. The results indicate that GB exerts a markedly distinct metabolic impact compared to sleeve gastrectomy (SG), which may largely explain its greater clinical efficacy.

Keywords:
Bariatric surgery
Gastric bypass
Sleeve gastrectomy
Microbiota
Bile acids
SCFA
TMAO
Resumen

La obesidad es una enfermedad metabólica compleja asociada con alteraciones en la microbiota intestinal y el metabolismo de ácidos grasos y biliares. La cirugía bariátrica puede alterar este eje, contribuyendo a beneficios más allá de la pérdida de peso, y la respuesta puede ser diferente entre técnicas quirúrgicas. Este estudio investiga este impacto diferencial en un modelo experimental de obesidad. Ambas cirugías redujeron el peso corporal, aunque el BP produjo una pérdida más sostenida y cambios metabólicos más profundos. El BP disminuyó significativamente el butirato al tiempo que aumentó los ácidos biliares y la abundancia de bacterias beneficiosas como Akkermansia muciniphila y Bacteroides. Solamente el BP redujo los niveles séricos de TMAO, un marcador asociado al riesgo cardiovascular, posiblemente por la modulación de la enzima hepática FMO3. Los resultados indican que el BP tiene un impacto metabólico marcadamente diferenciado al de la GV, pudiendo justificar en buena parte su eficacia.

Palabras clave:
Cirugía bariátrica
Bypass gastroyeyunal
Gastrectomía vertical
Microbiota
Ácidos biliares
SCFA
TMAO
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