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Cirugía Española (English Edition) From trial to practice: real-world outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy ve...
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Available online 12 May 2026

From trial to practice: real-world outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy ± radiotherapy in resectable locally advanced NSCLC

Del ensayo clínico a la práctica: resultados del mundo real de la quimioinmunoterapia neoadyuvante frente a la quimioterapia ± radioterapia en el CPNM localmente avanzado resecable
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Cristina E. Rivas Duartea,b,c, María Teresa Gómez-Hernándeza,b,c,
Corresponding author
mtgh@usal.es

Corresponding author.
, Mario Manamaa,b, Francisco Gómeza, Carmen Taboadaa, Marta G. Fuentesa,b,c, Oscar Colmenaresa,b, Marcelo F. Jiméneza,b,c
a Service of Thoracic Surgery, Salamanca University Hospital, Salamanca, Spain
b Salamanca Institute of Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
c University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
Background and objectives

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ChT–ICI) has shown promising efficacy in resectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but real-world data comparing it with conventional chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (ChT/ChT–RT) are limited. This study evaluated perioperative safety and oncologic outcomes of both approaches in a real-world setting.

Methods

A single-center retrospective analysis included consecutive patients with locally advanced NSCLC who received neoadjuvant therapy and underwent pulmonary resection between January 2017 and October 2025. Patients were grouped as ChT–ICI or ChT/ChT–RT. Primary endpoints were overall and cardiopulmonary morbidity; secondary endpoints included pathological complete response (pCR), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results

Eighty-two patients were analyzed (36 ChT–ICI, 46 ChT/ChT–RT). Overall complications occurred in 36.1% and 43.5%, and cardiopulmonary morbidity in 8.3% and 15.2%, respectively (adjusted OR 0.359; P = .211). pCR was significantly higher with ChT–ICI (33.3% vs 8.7%; adjusted OR 4.53; P = .021). No significant differences were observed in OS or DFS.

Conclusions

In this real-world cohort, neoadjuvant ChT–ICI demonstrated similar perioperative safety and a significantly higher pCR rate than conventional regimens, supporting its feasibility and therapeutic potential in resectable locally advanced NSCLC.

Keywords:
Neoadjuvant therapy
Lung cancer
Locally advanced disease
Chemo-immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Chemoradiotherapy
Resumen
Objetivos

La quimioterapia neoadyuvante combinada con inhibidores de puntos de control inmunitario (ChT–ICI) ha mostrado resultados prometedores en el cáncer de pulmón no microcítico (CPNM) localmente avanzado. Sin embargo, los datos del mundo real que comparen esta estrategia con la quimioterapia o la quimiorradioterapia convencionales (ChT/ChT–RT) son limitados. Este estudio evaluó la seguridad perioperatoria y los resultados oncológicos de ambas aproximaciones en un entorno clínico real.

Métodos

Estudio retrospectivo unicéntrico que incluyó a pacientes con CPNM localmente avanzado tratados con terapia neoadyuvante seguida de resección pulmonar entre enero de 2017 y octubre de 2025. Los pacientes se clasificaron según el tratamiento recibido (ChT–ICI o ChT/ChT–RT). Los objetivos primarios fueron la morbilidad global y cardiopulmonar; los secundarios incluyeron la respuesta patológica completa (pCR), la supervivencia global (OS) y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (DFS).

Resultados

Se analizaron 82 pacientes (36 ChT–ICI y 46 ChT/ChT–RT). Las complicaciones globales ocurrieron en el 36.1% y el 43.5%, y la morbilidad cardiopulmonar en el 8.3% y el 15.2%, respectivamente (OR ajustada 0.359; p = 0.211). La tasa de pCR fue significativamente mayor con ChT–ICI (33.3% frente a 8.7%; OR ajustada 4.53; p = 0.021). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la OS ni en la DFS.

Conclusiones

En esta cohorte del mundo real, la combinación neoadyuvante ChT–ICI mostró una seguridad perioperatoria similar y una tasa de pCR significativamente superior, lo que respalda su viabilidad y potencial terapéutico en el CPNM localmente avanzado y resecable.

Palabras clave:
Tratamiento neoadyuvante
Cáncer de pulmón
Enfermedad localmente avanzada
Quimio-inmunoterapia
Quimioterapia
Quimioradioterapia
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