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Vol. 4. Issue 1.
Pages 67-79 (January - June 2018)
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Vol. 4. Issue 1.
Pages 67-79 (January - June 2018)
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Reflexiones bioéticas en torno a la historia de las epidemias de viruela
Bioethical reflections on the history of smallpox epidemics
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Lourdes Velázquez
Centro Interdisciplinario de Bioética, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de México, México
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Las epidemias se podrían considerar como enfermedades colectivas, es decir, que afectan una amplia comunidad y pueden incluso llegar a su total destrucción. Por esta razón plantean problemas bioéticos especiales, en cuanto que obligan a darles una prioridad a ciertos valores colectivos, vinculados al «bien común» frente a los valores que habitualmente se consideran en la ética médica. Por esta razón, una breve historia de las epidemias sirve para aclararnos la real importancia y complejidad de este cuadro, que podría presentarse a la humanidad de los tiempos presentes o futuros en formas incluso más complejas que las epidemias del pasado. Además, la consideración de algunos episodios de esta historia, en los cuales el uso del contagio contra poblaciones enemigas fue adoptado para exterminarlas, nos acerca a problemas muy actuales que conciernen al aspecto ético del «doble uso» de los resultados de la investigación científica.

Palabras clave:
Viruela
Migraciones
Epidemias
Civilizaciones precolombinas
Contagios
Abstract

Epidemics can be considered as collective illnesses, in the sense that they affect a whole large community, and can even lead to its total destruction. For this reason they present with special bioethical problems, as they entail giving priority to certain collective values, linked with the ‘common good’, over other values that are usually considered in medical ethics. For this reason, a short history of epidemics will help clarify the real importance and complexity of this picture, which could possibly face humankind of the present and the future in forms even more complex than past epidemics. In addition, the consideration of certain episodes of this history, in which the conscious use of contagion was adopted to destroy enemy populations, brings one rather close to the currently wide discussed issue of the ‘double use’ of the results of scientific research.

Keywords:
Smallpox
Migrations
Epidemics
Pre-Hispanic civilizations
Contagion

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