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González Martín-Moro" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "González Martín-Moro" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "juliogmm@yahoo.es" 1 => "juliogazpeitia@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Henares, Coslada, Madrid. Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Tributo a John Tyndall en el 130 aniversario de su muerte" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">December 4, 1893, was the date on which John Tyndall, the multifarious Irish physicist and origin of the most common eponym in our specialty, died at the age of 73. We use the term Tyndall to refer to the presence of cells (usually inflammatory) floating in the anterior chamber of the eyeball, and quantify their presence on an ordinal scale. Undoubtedly, the term Tyndall is one of the words most often written by an ophthalmologist throughout his professional life, because the surname of the brilliant physicist is an omnipresent term in almost any history of Ophthalmology. However, the life of this multifaceted scientist is little known by a majority of ophthalmologists.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">John Tyndall was born on August 2, 1820, in the small Irish town of Leighlinbridge, into a humble family.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A Catholic by birth but with a Protestant work ethic, he developed a brilliant professional career in Victorian England. He even became president of the Royal Society, England s most prestigious scientific institution. In this editorial we intend to briefly review Tyndall s contributions in virtually all fields of physics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Poet, mountaineer and above all self-taught, his first employment was as a railwayman. His contributions were in fields of science as varied as optometry, microbiology, climatology, the movement of glaciers, magnetism and the nature of light and heat. The diversity of his contributions make it hard to believe that he was really the same person.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In the 1850s, he began reseraching diamagnetism (the property by which some metals, such as bismuth, are repelled by magnets).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Diamagnetism is the basis of magnetic levitation, which would allow transportation with minimal friction, and which is currently under research. He then focused on the study of glaciers, making important contributions to the knowledge of the mechanisms that allow the movement of these large masses of ice. In this phase of his life he developed a passion for mountains. Tyndall was in love with mountaineering and conquered for the first time the Weisshorn, and climbed the main summits of the Alps (including the Matterhorn and Mont Blanc) several times. In this mountain range he spent a good part of his life studying glaciers, and it was precisely in the course of these experiments that he began to wonder why a hole in the snow or alpine lakes become bluish in color. Today we know that this happens due to the scattering of light and we call this phenomenon the Tyndall effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sky is blue not because the gases that compose it have this color, but because within the visible spectrum the radiation that has a shorter wavelength is the one that undergoes a greater dispersion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Accordingly, the change of direction that blue light undergoes is greater than that of the rest of the wavelengths that make up the visible spectrum, which explains the bluish hue of the sky in normal conditions. This same phenomenon also explains why a poorly-pigmented iris and thin scleras acquire this hue,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–5</span></a> as well as showy colors of many insects like the dragonflies, that are not structural but due to the diffraction of light.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In addition to explaining many natural phenomena, the Tyndall effect played a very important role in the refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tyndall (1820–1893) was a contemporary of Pasteur (1822–1895), Koch (1843–1910) and Lister (1827–1912) and devoted several years of his career to the study of airborne particles. He postulated that these particles were organic in nature and that the germs in them were responsible for initiating the process of putrefaction of organic matter and that they played an important role in the infection of wounds. He demonstrated that in a purified atmosphere (with heat, chemical procedures or by using a viscous substance such as glycerin that had previously trapped these particles) the onset of the putrefaction process was delayed or even prevented. The Tyndall effect played a very important role in demonstrating the purity of air, because a beam of blue light (this is the radiation that suffers more scattering, and therefore the most sensitive for this enterprise) had a much higher sensitivity than the microscopes of the time for detecting particles in suspension. In short, he developed the technology that allowed him to overthrow the theory of spontaneous generation and to prove that the theories of his contemporary Pasteur were correct. But he was also the inventor of a process for food sterilization called tyndalization, which consists on heating them several times. These successive heating cycles eliminate the spores of the most resistant bacteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">His demonstration that the capacity of air to retain heat depends on its carbon dioxide content makes him one of the founders of climatology and the intellectual father of the theory of the greenhouse effect, which has so much scientific and political scope at present.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,8</span></a> Tyndall also wrote numerous books that made physics accessible to the general public. In this sense, his work was so outstanding that the term "Tyndallists" is often used to refer to those scientists who made scientific divulgation an important part of their professional activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is difficult to know why, despite all these contributions, John Tyndall is much less known than other contemporary scientists such as Darwin, Faraday, Lister, Koch or Pasteur. Despite having lived an engaging and varied life there is not a series or a movie that tells his life story, and written references have been few and far between. Roland Jackson, the author of his most recent biography, believes that the fact that his correspondence was jealously guarded by his widow, who survived him for more than forty years, together with the fact that Tyndall was a classical physicist at the time when quantum physics was being born and his practical and experimental character, far from the great mathematical developments, may have contributed significantly to his fall into oblivion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> His name is still very present in the world of mountaineering because several peaks and glaciers bear his name and, although little has been said about his life in ophthalmology journals, the fact is that every day, without knowing it, thousands of ophthalmologists around the world contribute to keeping his memory alive, writing his name several times, because without a doubt his surname is the most ubiquitous eponym in this branch of medicine.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper has not received financial support from any institution.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Ascent of John Tyndall: Victorian Scientist, Mountaineer, and Public Intellectual (English Edition)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Roland Jackson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2018" "editorial" => "Oxford university Press. 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(Autor/a) Defendida 2/12/2014." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735794/0000009900000008/v1_202408010614/S2173579424000732/v1_202408010614/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5814" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009900000008/v1_202408010614/S2173579424000732/v1_202408010614/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579424000732?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
