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Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) Blue light and melatonin: A critical review of scientific evidence and biohacker...
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Available online 20 July 2026

Blue light and melatonin: A critical review of scientific evidence and biohacker myths in ophthalmology

Luz azul y melatonina: revisión crítica de la evidencia científica y los mitos biohackers en oftalmología
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C. Campo-Beamuda,
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carloscampobeamud@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, G. Roig-Ferreruelab
a Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
b Fundación Oftalmológica del Mediterráneo, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract

Blue light is a physiological component of visible light, essential for daytime vision and circadian synchronization. There is no evidence supporting the routine use of blue-blocking glasses for preventive or therapeutic purposes. The most effective strategies are based on light hygiene, reduction of nocturnal exposure, and patient education. Strengthening scientific communication is necessary to counter misinformation and maintain an evidence-based ophthalmological discourse.

Blue light has been associated with potential effects on visual function, sleep, and circadian physiology, although clinical evidence remains heterogeneous. In recent years, dissemination of claims unsupported by clinical evidence regarding spectral filters for preventive purposes has increased. The aim of this review was to critically analyze the available scientific evidence on the visual, circadian, and systemic effects of blue light and contrast it with messages disseminated through media and social networks.

A narrative review of the literature published between 2009 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, prioritizing human studies and institutional position statements relevant to ophthalmological practice.

Available systematic reviews and controlled trials indicate that blue-filtering lenses do not provide clinically meaningful improvements in visual acuity or symptoms of digital eye strain, and show small and inconsistent effects on sleep-related outcomes. Under typical viewing conditions, screen light exposure remains well below levels associated with photochemical retinal damage in experimental models. Therefore, current evidence does not support the routine preventive or therapeutic use of blue-blocking glasses. The most effective strategies rely on light hygiene, reduction of nocturnal light exposure, and patient education.

Keywords:
Blue light
Digital eye strain
Circadian rhythm
Melatonin
Blue-blocking lenses
Ophthalmology
Resumen

La luz azul e ha asociado a posibles efectos sobre la función visual, el sueño y la fisiología circadiana, con evidencia clínica heterogénea. En los últimos años se ha incrementado la difusión de mensajes no sustentados por la evidencia clínica sobre filtros espectrales con fines preventivos. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar críticamente la evidencia científica disponible sobre los efectos visuales, circadianos y sistémicos de la luz azul, y contrastarla con los mensajes difundidos en medios y redes sociales.

Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura (2009–2025) en PubMed, Scopus y Cochrane Library, priorizando estudios en humanos y posicionamientos institucionales relevantes para la práctica oftalmológica.

Las revisiones sistemáticas y los ensayos controlados disponibles indican que las lentes con filtro azul no producen mejoras clínicamente relevantes en agudeza visual ni en síntomas de fatiga visual digital, y muestran efectos pequeños e inconsistentes en desenlaces del sueño. En condiciones de uso habitual, la exposición luminosa de pantallas se sitúa por debajo de los niveles asociados a daño retiniano fotoquímico en modelos experimentales. Por lo tanto, la evidencia disponible no respalda el uso sistemático de gafas “blue-blocking” con fines preventivos ni terapéuticos. Las estrategias más eficaces se basan en la higiene lumínica, la reducción de exposición nocturna y la educación del paciente.

Palabras clave:
Luz azul
Fatiga ocular digital
Ritmo circadiano
Melatonina
Lentes con filtro azul

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