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Vol. 55. Issue 5.
Pages 416-430 (January 2003)
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Vol. 55. Issue 5.
Pages 416-430 (January 2003)
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Cirugía sin arteriografía de los troncos viscerales
Surgery of the visceral trunks without arteriography
Cirurgia semarteriografia dostroncos viscerais
Visits
2249
E. Manuel-Rimbau Muñoz
Corresponding author
rimbau@hsd.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Angiologia y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Universitario Son Dureta. Andrea Doria, 55. E-07014 Palma de Mallorca. Fax: +34 971175 500.
, P. Lozano-Vilardell
Servicio de Angiologia y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Universitario Son Dureta. Palma de Mallorca, España.
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Article information
Summary
Aims

The aim of this paper is to describe the advantages and disadvantages of Doppler ultrasound (DUS), computerised tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the study of lesions in the visceral trunks (VT), in comparison with digital subtraction arteriography (DSA), according to the medical literature published to date.

Development

DUS allows the presence of stenosis in the VT to be detected, with a sensitivity of between 90 and 95% and a specificity of between 85 and 90%. Its main limitations are the variability depending on the operator's experience and on the anatomical characteristics of the patient. CTA is a good test for detecting thepresence of stenoses in the renal arteries and mesenteric trunks (MT), although few comparative studies have been performed on the subject. Its chieflimitations are the inadequate measurement of the degree of stenosis in severe stenoses and the need to use a nephrotoxic contrast. 3D contrast MRA (MRA 3D) seems to be the ideal test in vascular studies with MR. The use of non-ionising radiations andcontrastsfree of nephrotoxic effects are two of the advantages of MRA compared with DSA or CTA. MRA offers a sensitivity of between 88 and 100%, and a specificity of between 71 and 100% in the study of renal arteries. Like CTA, it displays a tendency to overestimate the degree of stenosis. The DUS, CTA and MRA all offer low sensitivity and specificity in the study of arterial lesions in polar arteries and in the hilar renal artery.

Conclusions

DUS is a sensitive test that is relatively cheap and accurate enough for use as a screening test in the study of stenoses in the VT, but little work has been published in which DUS are employed as a single diagnostic tool to indicate a renal or mesenteric revascularisation. The value of CTA in the study of the renal artery and of the MT will have to be proved by means of double-blind studies that compare it with DUS. Until the appearance of these studies, it must be considered to be a screening test or a technique to complement DUS. MRA is a good test for diagnosing stenosis of the renal artery, with a similar sensitivity and specificity to those of DUS. At the same, it offers the possibility of determining the functional repercussions of the arterial lesion. MRA is also a technique that has obtained similar results to those offered by DUS in the study of the main MT. We will, however, probably have to wait for the results of double-blind tests carried out with large numbers of patients before we can accept MRA as a single diagnostic test in MT lesions.

Key words:
Arteriography
Computerised tomographic angiography
Doppler ultrasound
Magnetic resonance angiography
Mesenteric trunks
Renal artery
Stenosis
Resumen
Objetivo

Exponer las ventajas e inconvenientes de la ultrasono grafía Doppler (USD), la angiotomografía computarizada (ATC)y la angiorresonancia magnética (ARM) en el estudio de las lesiones de los troncos viscerales (TV), en comparación con la arteriografía de sustracción digital (ASD) según la literatura médica publicada.

Desarrollo

La USD permite detectar la presencia de una estenosis en los TV, con una sensibilidad entre el 90 y 95% y una especificidad entre el 85 y 90%. Sus principales limitaciones son la variabilidad dependiente de la experiencia del técnico y de las características anatómicas del paciente. La ATC es una buena prueba para detectar la presencia de estenosis en las arterias renales y troncos mesentéricos (TM), aunque no existen suficientes estudios comparativos al respecto. Sus principales limitaciones son la inadecuada cuantificación del grado de estenosis en estenosis graves y la necesidad de emplear contraste nefrotóxico. La ARM con contraste en tres dimensiones (ARM 3D) parece ser la prueba ideal en el estudio vascular con RM. La utilización de radiaciones no ionizantes y el empleo de contrastes sin efecto nefrotóxico son dos de las ventajas de la ARM con respecto a la ASD o a la ATC. La ARM presenta una sensibilidad entre el 88 y el 100%, y una especificidad entre el 71 y el 100% en el estudio de las arterias renales. Al igual que la ATC, presenta una tendencia a la sobreestimación del grado de estenosis. Tanto la USD, ATC como ARM, presentan una baja sensibilidad y especificidad en el estudio de las lesiones arteriales en arterias polares y en la arteria renal hiliar.

Conclusiones

La USD es una prueba sensible, de relativo bajo coste y suficientemente precisa para utilizarse como técnica de cribado en el estudio de la estenosis de los TV, pero son escasos los trabajos publicados en los que se emplea la USD como herramienta diagnóstica única para indicar una revascularización renal o mesentérica. La utilidad del ATC en el estudio de la arteria renal y de los TM deberá demostrarse en estudios doble ciego en comparación con la ASD. Hasta la aparición de estos estudios debe considerarse como una prueba de cribado o como una técnica complementaría a la ASD. La ARM es una buena prueba para el diagnóstico de la estenosis de arteria renal, con una sensibilidad y especificidad similar a la ASD, y of rece, además, la posibilidad de conocer la repercusión funcional de la lesión arterial. Por otra parte, la ARM es una técnica que ha obtenido unos resultados similares a la ASD en el estudio de los TM principales, aunque probable-mente se deberá esperar a la realización de ensayos doble ciego con la inclusión de un gran número de pacientes, para aceptar la ARM como prueba diagnóstica única en las lesiones de TM.

Palabras clave:
Angiorresonancia magnética
Angiotomografía computarizada
Arteria renal
Arteriografía
Estenosis
Troncos mesentéricos
Ultrasonografía Doppler
Resumo
Objectivo

Expor as vantagens e os inconvenientes da ultrassonografia Doppler (USD), a angio-tomografia computorizada (ATC) e a angio-ressonância magnética (ARM) no estudo das lesóes dos troncos viscerais (TV), em comparação com a arteriografia de subtracção digital (ASD), conforme a literatura médica publicada.

Desenvolvimento

A USD permite detectar a presença de uma estenose nos TV, com uma sensibilidade entre 90 e 95% e uma especificidade entre 85 e 90%. As suas principais limitações são a variabilidade dependente da experiência do técnico e das características anatómicas do doente. A ATC é uma boa prova para detectar a presença de estenoses nas artérias renais e troncos mesentéricos (TM), embora não existam estudos comparativos suficientes a seu respeito. As suas principais limitações são a quantificação inadequada do grau de estenoses nas estenoses graves e a necessidade de utilizar contraste nefrotóxico. A ARM com contraste em três dimensões (ARM 3D) parece ser a prova ideal no estudo vascular com RM. A utilização de radiações não ionizantes e a utilização de contrastes sem efeito nefrotóxico são duas das vantagens da ARM relativamente à ASD e à ATC. A ARM apresenta uma sensibilidade entre 88 e 100%, e uma especificidade entre 71 e 100% no estudo das artérias renais. Tal como a ATC, apresenta uma tendência para a subestimação do grau de estenose. Tanto a USD, a ARC como a ARM, apresentam uma baixa sensibilidade e especificidade no estudo das lesões arteriais em artérias polares e na artéria renal hiliar.

Conclusões

A USD é uma prova sensível, de relativo baixo custo e suficientemente precisa para ser utilizada como técnica de crivado no estudo da estenose dos TV, contudo são poucos os trabalhos publicados em que é utilizada a USD como ferramenta de diagnóstico única na indicação para revascularização renal ou mesentérica. A utilidade do ATC no estudo da artéria renal e dos TM dever à ser demonstrada em estudos com dupla ocultação em comparação com a ASD. Até ao aparecimento destes estudos deve considerar-se como uma prova de crivado ou como técnica complementar da ASD. A ARM é uma boa prova para o diagnóstico da estenose da artéria renal, com uma sensibilidade e especificidade similar à ASD, e oferece para além disso, a possibilidade de conhecer a repercussão funcional da lesão arterial. Por outro lado, a ARM é uma técnica que obteve resultados similares à ASD nos estudo dos TM principais, embora provavelmente deverseá esperar pela realização de ensaios duplamente ocultos com a inclusão de um grande número de doentes, para aceitar a ARM como prova de diagnóstico única nas lesões de TM.

Palavras chave:
Angio-ressonáncia magnética
Angio-tomografia computorizada
Artéria renal
Arteriografia
Estenose
Troncos me-sentéricos
Ultrassonografia Doppler
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