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Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition) Factors associated with urinary incontinence after endoscopic prostate enucleati...
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Vol. 50. Issue 6.
(July - August 2026)
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Vol. 50. Issue 6.
(July - August 2026)
Review article

Factors associated with urinary incontinence after endoscopic prostate enucleation: A scoping review

Factores asociados a la incontinencia urinaria tras la enucleación endoscópica de la próstata: una revisión exploratoria
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N. Rodríguez Caicedoa,
Corresponding author
, H.E. López Ramosa, J.M. Huertasb, N. Vivas Ramírezb, J. González-Nietob
a Unidad de Urología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
b Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Abstract
Introduction and objective

Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate is an established treatment for benign prostatic obstruction, providing substantial improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary flow. However, postoperative urinary incontinence (UI), typically transient, remains a relevant concern. Evidence regarding factors associated with postoperative UI remains heterogeneous. This scoping review aimed to synthesize available literature describing variables associated with urinary incontinence following endoscopic prostate enucleation.

Materials and methods

A scoping review was conducted using PubMed and Embase. The search identified 490 records; after duplicate removal and screening by three independent reviewers, 52 studies were included. Most were retrospective cohort studies with heterogeneous designs, follow-up intervals, and definitions of UI. Data analyzed descriptively in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Results

Reporting of postoperative UI varied across studies, including differences in subtype classification and outcome measurement methods. Early postoperative UI was commonly reported (15–35%), with most cases resolving within 6 months and persistent incontinence generally below 3% at one year. Advanced age, diabetes mellitus, obesity, larger prostate volume, greater resected tissue weight, and elevated preoperative post-void residual were described as associated with early UI. However, variability in outcome definitions and inconsistent multivariable adjustment limited identification of definitive independent predictors.

Conclusions

Postoperative urinary incontinence after endoscopic prostate enucleation is transient and resolves over time. Although several patient and surgical factors are repeatedly linked to early UI, heterogeneity of existing evidence precludes firm conclusions regarding independent predictors. Standardized outcome definitions and prospective studies are needed to improve risk stratification and guide perioperative counseling.

Keywords:
Urinary incontinence
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic enucleation
Resumen
Introducción y objetivo

La enucleación endoscópica de la próstata es un tratamiento consolidado para la obstrucción prostática benigna, que proporciona una mejoría sustancial de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior y del flujo urinario. Sin embargo, la incontinencia urinaria (IU) posoperatoria, habitualmente transitoria, sigue siendo una preocupación relevante. Los datos sobre los factores asociados al desarrollo de IU posoperatoria continúan siendo heterogéneos. Esta revisión exploratoria tuvo como objetivo sintetizar la literatura disponible sobre las variables asociadas a la incontinencia urinaria tras la enucleación endoscópica de la próstata.

Materiales y métodos

Se realizó una revisión exploratoria utilizando PubMed y Embase. La búsqueda identificó 490 registros; tras la eliminación de duplicados y el cribado por tres revisores independientes, se incluyeron 52 estudios. La mayoría eran estudios de cohortes retrospectivos, con diseños, intervalos de seguimiento y definiciones de IU heterogéneos. Los datos se analizaron de forma descriptiva de acuerdo con las directrices PRISMA-ScR.

Resultados

La notificación de IU posoperatoria varió entre los estudios, con diferencias en la clasificación de los subtipos, así como en los métodos de medición de los resultados. La IU posoperatoria temprana se notificó con frecuencia (15–35 %), y la mayoría de los casos se resolvieron en un plazo de 6 meses, con incontinencia persistente generalmente inferior al 3 % transcurrido un año. La edad avanzada, la diabetes mellitus, la obesidad, el mayor volumen prostático, el mayor peso de tejido resecado y el residuo posmiccional preoperatorio elevado se describieron como factores asociados a la aparición temprana de IU. Sin embargo, la variabilidad en las definiciones de los resultados y el ajuste multivariable inconsistente limitaron la identificación de predictores independientes definitivos.

Conclusiones

La incontinencia urinaria posoperatoria tras la enucleación endoscópica de la próstata es transitoria y se resuelve con el tiempo. Aunque varios factores relacionados con el paciente y con la cirugía se han descrito de forma repetida como asociados a la aparición temprana de IU, la heterogeneidad de la evidencia existente impide establecer conclusiones firmes sobre los predictores independientes. Se requieren definiciones estandarizadas de los resultados y estudios prospectivos para mejorar la estratificación del riesgo y orientar el asesoramiento perioperatorio.

Palabras clave:
Incontinencia urinaria
Hiperplasia prostática benigna
Enucleación prostática

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