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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Spanish validation of the Dyspnea Index (DI): Translation, cultural adaptation, ...
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Available online 3 September 2026

Spanish validation of the Dyspnea Index (DI): Translation, cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation

Validación en español del Índice de Disnea (ID): traducción, adaptación cultural y evaluación psicométrica
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Clara Espina Gonzáleza,b,c,
Corresponding author
claraespina8@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Araceli Caballero Rabascoc,d, Diego Rodríguez Chiaradíab,c,e, Anna Rodó Pinb,c,d,e, Júlia Preckler Nualartf,g, Ester Marco Navarrof,g, Jacinto García Lorenzoa,b,c
a Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
b Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
c Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
d Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Pediatric Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
e Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
f Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital del Mar, Hospital de l'Esperança, Barcelona, Spain
g Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Antecedents and objective

Laryngeal disorders are an important but often underrecognized cause of dyspnea in otorhinolaryngology practice. The assessment of symptom severity is challenging due to the episodic nature of symptoms and the limited availability of objective tests during symptomatic episodes. The Dyspnea Index (DI) is a validated patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to assess laryngeal dyspnea; however, a Spanish version has not previously been validated. The objective of the present study is to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Dyspnea Index (DI).

Methods

A single-center, cross-sectional validation study was conducted, including patients aged ≥12 years who complained of laryngeal dyspnea, excluding comorbid conditions causing dyspnea of other origin. Healthy adult controls without otorhinolaryngologic or pulmonary disorders were recruited among medical students and hospital staff. The DI was translated by three independent otolaryngologists, synthesized into a consensus version, and back-translated by a professional translator. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), known-group validity (Welch’s t, Mann–Whitney U, Cohen’s d), floor/ceiling effects, and exploratory factor analysis (PCA).

Results

Forty-three patients and forty-three healthy controls were analyzed. Mean DI scores were 21.44 ± 10.08 in patients and 1.23 ± 1.96 in controls (p <  0.0001; Cohen’s d = 2.78). Internal consistency was excellent overall (α = 0.955) and good-to-excellent in patients (α = 0.879). A floor effect was present in 33.7% and a ceiling effect in 1.2%. PCA supported a predominantly unidimensional structure (PC1 eigenvalue = 4.99, explained variance = 48.7%).

Conclusion

The Spanish DI demonstrates excellent reliability and validity, with psychometric properties comparable to validated versions in other languages. It is a robust tool for the assessment of laryngeal dyspnea in Spanish-speaking settings.

Keywords:
Dyspnea Index
Laryngeal dyspnea
Questionnaire
Spanish
Validation
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

La disnea de origen laríngeo constituye una causa clínicamente relevante, aunque a menudo infradiagnosticada, de disnea en la práctica clínica otorrinolaringológica. La evaluación de la gravedad de los síntomas resulta compleja debido a su carácter episódico y a la limitada disponibilidad de pruebas objetivas durante los episodios sintomáticos. El Dyspnea Index (DI) es cuestionario cumplimentado por el paciente validado y específicamente diseñado para evaluar la disnea de origen laríngeo; sin embargo, hasta el momento no se disponía de una versión validada en español. El objetivo del presente estudio fue traducir, adaptar culturalmente y validar la versión española del Dyspnea Index (DI).

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio transversal y unicéntrico que incluyó a 43 pacientes que consultaron por disnea laríngea y a 43 controles sanos. El DI fue traducido de forma independiente al español por tres otorrinolaringólogos y posteriormente consensuado en una única versión, que fue retrotraducida al inglés y revisada para garantizar su equivalencia conceptual. Los participantes completaron el DI en español en una única ocasión. La consistencia interna se evaluó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y la validez de grupos conocidos mediante pruebas t para muestras independientes y pruebas U de Mann–Whitney. Se realizó un análisis de potencia post hoc basado en el tamaño del efecto observado.

Resultados

La versión española del DI mostró una excelente consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,955 en el total de la muestra; 0,879 en el grupo de pacientes). La puntuación media total fue de 21,4 ± 10,1 en los pacientes y de 1,2 ± 2,0 en los controles (p < 0,0001), con un tamaño del efecto muy grande (d de Cohen = 2,78). El análisis factorial exploratorio identificó un único factor dominante (eigenvalor = 4,99), que explicó el 48,7% de la varianza total. Se observaron efectos suelo en el 33,7% de los sujetos, principalmente en el grupo control, sin detectarse efectos techo relevantes.

Conclusión

La versión española del Dyspnea Index presenta una excelente fiabilidad, una sólida validez de constructo y una clara capacidad discriminativa entre individuos sintomáticos y asintomáticos. Estos resultados respaldan su uso como un instrumento válido y fiable para la evaluación de la disnea relacionada con la vía aérea superior en poblaciones de habla hispana.

Palabras clave:
Índice de Disnea
Disnea laríngea
Cuestionario
Español
Validación

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