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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Persistent shoulder dysfunction after spinal accessory nerve–preserving neck d...
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Available online 31 August 2026

Persistent shoulder dysfunction after spinal accessory nerve–preserving neck dissection: A prospective functional and neurophysiologic study

Disfunción persistente del hombro tras vaciamiento cervical con preservación del nervio espinal accesorio: estudio prospectivo funcional y neurofisiológico
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Borja A. Bazán Inostrozaa,
Corresponding author
bazaninostroza@proton.me

Corresponding author at: Department of ENT and Skull Base Surgery, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Calle Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
, Jorge Prada Pendolerob, Gustavo Eisenberg Plazac, Edson Roblesd, Matt Gynne, Andrea Flórez Morof, Wix Rybel Ramosb,g,h, Cecilia Luque Cárdenasg, Esmeralda Rocío-Martíng, Javier Gavilán Bouzasi, Eduardo Raboso García Baqueroj
a Department of ENT and Skull Base Surgery, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
b Department of ENT, Head & Neck Unit, Hospital Bupa Sanitas Valdebebas, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
c Department of ENT, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Department of ENT, Hospital Quirón Valle del Henares, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
d Department of ENT, Hospital Universitario del Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
e Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
f Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
g Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
h Sleep Unit, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
i Professor and Chairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Professor of Otolaryngology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
j Chairman, Department of ENT, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Objectives

To characterize spinal accessory nerve (SAN) related shoulder dysfunction under standardized, controlled conditions following anatomically nerve-preserving bilateral selective neck dissection, integrating objective functional, electromyographic, and patient-reported outcomes.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Single tertiary referral centre, [blinded institution], Spain.

Participants

Twenty-six patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma requiring bilateral selective neck dissection of levels II–IV including level IIB.

Main Outcome Measures

Shoulder range of motion (ROM) by digital inclinometry, electromyography (EMG) amplitude and latency of the trapezius muscle, muscle strength (British Medical Research Council scale), shoulder girdle examination, and patient-reported outcomes (Neck Disability Index), assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Intraoperative neuromonitoring with compound muscle action potential recording was performed before and after dissection.

Results

Despite stable intraoperative neuromonitoring amplitudes, significant reductions in abduction (mean 30.5°, P = .0003) and flexion ROM (mean 23.2°, P = .0008) persisted at 6 months. EMG amplitude decreased from 8.85 to 4.47 mV at 1 month (P = .0003), with partial recovery at 6 months. Latency increased transiently. Strength deficits (BMRC ≤ 4/5) were present in 19.2% of patients at 6 months. Neck Disability Index increased significantly (P = .004).

Conclusion

Spinal accessory nerve dysfunction can occur despite anatomical preservation and stable intraoperative monitoring, suggesting neurapraxic changes arising from mechanisms not captured in real time such as possibly traction or perineural disruption at level IIB. These findings highlight the importance of postoperative surveillance and early targeted rehabilitation.

Keywords:
Spinal accessory nerve
Neck dissection
Shoulder dysfunction
Neurophysiology
Electromyography
Intraoperative neuromonitoring
Postoperative morbidity
Head and neck cancer
Resumen
Objetivos

Caracterizar la disfunción del hombro relacionada con el nervio espinal accesorio en condiciones estandarizadas y controladas tras vaciamiento cervical bilateral selectivo con preservación anatómica del nervio, integrando resultados funcionales objetivos, electromiográficos y referidos por el paciente.

Diseño

Estudio de cohorte prospectivo.

Ámbito

Centro terciario de referencia único, [institución anonimizada], España.

Participantes

Veintiséis pacientes con carcinoma escamoso de cabeza y cuello que requirieron vaciamiento cervical bilateral selectivo de los niveles II–IV, incluyendo el nivel IIB.

Medidas de resultado principales

Rango de movimiento (ROM) del hombro mediante inclinometría digital, amplitud y latencia electromiográfica (EMG) del músculo trapecio, fuerza muscular (escala del Consejo de Investigación Médica Británica), exploración de la cintura escapular y resultados referidos por el paciente (Índice de Discapacidad Cervical), evaluados preoperatoriamente y al mes, tres y seis meses del postoperatorio. Se realizó monitorización intraoperatoria mediante registro del potencial de acción muscular compuesto antes y después de la disección.

Resultados

A pesar de amplitudes estables en la monitorización intraoperatoria, se observaron reducciones significativas en el ROM de abducción (media 30,5°, P = ,0003) y flexión (media 23,2°, P = ,0008) que persistieron a los seis meses. La amplitud EMG disminuyó de 8,85 a 4,47 mV al mes (P = ,0003), con recuperación parcial a los seis meses. La latencia aumentó de forma transitoria. Los déficits de fuerza (BMRC ≤ 4/5) estuvieron presentes en el 19,2% de los pacientes a los seis meses. El Índice de Discapacidad Cervical aumentó significativamente (P = ,004).

Conclusión

La disfunción del nervio espinal accesorio puede producirse a pesar de la preservación anatómica y la estabilidad de la monitorización intraoperatoria, lo que sugiere cambios por neurapraxia derivados de mecanismos no detectables en tiempo real, como posiblemente tracción o disrupción perineural a nivel IIB. Estos hallazgos destacan la importancia de la vigilancia postoperatoria y la rehabilitación dirigida precoz.

Palabras clave:
Nervio espinal accesorio
Vaciamiento cervical
Disfunción del hombro
Electromiografía
Monitorización intraoperatoria

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