La bioimpedancia eléctrica como método de estimación de la composición corporal: normas prácticas de utilización
Publicado en Rev Andal Med Deporte.2011; 04 :167-74 - vol.04 núm 04
Resumen
La bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) es un método no invasivo y de fácil aplicación en todo tipo de poblaciones. Conocer su funcionamiento, así como sus bases físicas, permite comprender mejor su utilización y, por tanto, la aplicación estricta de las condiciones de medida, para asegurar la fiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos. La BIA es un buen método para determinar el agua corporal y la masa libre de grasa en personas sin alteraciones de líquidos corporales y electrolitos. Se deben utilizar ecuaciones de predicción ajustadas a la edad y al sexo, adecuadas a la población y deben haber sido validadas frente a métodos de referencia. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar de forma crítica y exponer la importancia de la aplicación de una serie de normas muy bien definidas, para asegurar la mayor precisión en la estimación de la composición corporal.
Palabras clave Bioimpedancia eléctrica. Normas de utilización. Metodología. Composición corporal.
Introducción
Introducción
Los estudios de bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) se basan en la estrecha relación que hay entre las propiedades eléctricas del cuerpo humano, la composición corporal de los diferentes tejidos y del contenido total de agua en el cuerpo. Como todos los métodos indirectos de estimación de la composición corporal, la BIA depende de algunas premisas relativas a las propiedades eléctricas del cuerpo1, de su composición y estado de maduración, su nivel de hidratación2,3, la edad, el sexo, la raza y la condición física1-3.
La BIA es una técnica simple, rápida y no invasiva que permite la estimación del agua corporal total (ACT) y, por asunciones basadas en las constantes de hidratación de los tejidos, se obtiene la masa libre de grasa (MLG) y por derivación, la masa grasa (MG), mediante la simple ecuación basada en dos componentes (MLG kg = peso total kg - MG kg). En el área de las ciencias del deporte es posible medir el ACT en diferentes situaciones, tanto en estados de hidratación normal como de deshidratación, así como para evaluar la composición corporal en diversos estados clínicos y nutricionales relacionados con la actividad física y el entrenamiento.
Por lo anteriormente expuesto, el objetivo general de este trabajo de revisión es conocer diferentes aspectos tanto técnicos, como prácticos, sobre la utilización de la BIA y que el cuidado de estos aspectos influirá en la calidad y la reproducibilidad de los datos obtenidos, así como su validez y precisión. ...
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Alvero-Cruz, J.R.a; Correas Gómez, L.b; Ronconi, M.a; Fernández Vázquez, R.a; Porta i Manzañido, J.c
aLaboratorio de Composición Corporal. Escuela de Medicina de la Educación Física y el Deporte. Departamento de Fisiología Humana y Educación Física y Deportiva. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga. España.
bLaboratorio de Biodinámica y Composición Corporal. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Málaga. Málaga. España.
cINEF Catalunya. Barcelona. España.