Estás en: 
Inicio » Tienda » Revistas » Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte » Evidencia actual de intervenciones con ejercicio físico en factores de riesgo cardiovascular
Volver al sumario de la revista
Documento Ant. | Documento Sig.

Evidencia actual de intervenciones con ejercicio físico en factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Ramírez-Vélez, R.; Da Silva-Grigoletto, M.E.; Fernández, J.M.

Publicado en Rev Andal Med Deporte.2011; 04 :141-51 - vol.04 núm 04

Resumen

Los conocimientos acumulados en las últimas décadas sobre la relevancia clínica del ejercicio físico en la mejora y el tratamiento de las enfermedades y los trastornos cardiometabólicos, como resistencia a la insulina, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial, obesidad, disfunción endotelial, etc., están poco dilucidados, en parte por la heterogeneidad de la población examinada y la variabilidad de los programas utilizados en los estudios. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar las pruebas científicas, incluidos mecanismos celulares y moleculares del ejercicio físico, como terapia no farmacológica para el tratamiento y el manejo de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó la revisión sistemática de la bibliografía biomédica acerca de intervenciones con ejercicio físico, aptitud física, actividad física, rehabilitación, factores de riesgo, aspectos bioquímicos y fisiológicos asociados al riesgo cardiovascular, con los términos de búsqueda siguientes: obesidad y sobrepeso, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia, disfunción endotelial, resistencia a la insulina y diabetes mellitus. Para este fin, se realizó una búsqueda entre enero y diciembre de 2010 en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE-PubMed y Cochrane Library. Los posibles mecanismos de acción se examinan de forma exhaustiva, y los principios para la prescripción del ejercicio son discutidos, centrándose en el tipo, la intensidad y las posibles contraindicaciones.
Palabras clave Riesgo cardiovascular. Enfermedades crónicas. Ejercicio físico. Prevención.

Introducción

Introducción Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), especialmente las derivadas del sistema cardiometabólico (hipertensión arterial [HTA], obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad isquémica cardíaca, etc.), según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se consideran un problema de salud pública que lleva a serias consecuencias sociales, psicológicas y físicas, y se asocian a un riesgo de morbimortalidad mayor por sus complicaciones1. El aumento poblacional, la urbanización, la natalidad y la disminución de las tasas de mortalidad parecen ser algunos de los principales factores involucrados en la aparición y la evolución de las ECNT. Actualmente se postula que las ECNT se deben a factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, algunos de ellos prevenibles, como la obesidad central, el sedentarismo, la resistencia a la insulina (RI), etc.2,3. Al mismo tiempo, otros estudios han mostrado que existe confluencia de varios factores endógenos y mecanismos en un mismo individuo4, entre los que sobresalen la disfunción endotelial (DE)5,6, la HTA7, la RI8, la dislipidemia9 y un elevado estrés oxidativo10. Para resolver la problemática de las ECNT, en los últimos tiempos, la OMS10,11 ha estimulado iniciativas para la vigilancia mundial de los factores de riesgo asociados, exhortando y apoyando a los países para el diseño y la realización de estudios poblacionales, para poner en práctica intervenciones saludables y para la aplicación de programas de vigilancia y planes de acción globales y regionales12. Es así como la implementación de programas con ejercicio físico (EF) aparecen como una alternativa de tratamiento y prevención de varios...

Bibliografía

1. Word Health Organization. Obesity: preventing managing the global epidemic. Geneva: Word Health Organization; 1998.
2. Masterson Creber RM, Smeeth L, Gilman RH, Miranda JJ. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors among rural and urban groups and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru: a cross-sectional study. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;28:1-8.
Pubmed
3. Berríos X, Koponen T, Huiguang T, Khaltaev N, Puska P, Nissinen A. Distribution and prevalence of major risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in selected countries: the WHO Inter- Health Programme. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75:99-108.
Pubmed
4. Kannel WB. Risk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:3S-10S.
Pubmed
5. Gonzalez MA, Selwyn AP. Endothelial function, inflammation, and prognosis in cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2003;115:99S-106S.
Pubmed
6. Bahia L, De Aguiar LG, Villela NR, Bottino D, Bouskela E. The endothelium in the metabolic syndrome. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006;50:291-303.
Pubmed
7. Redon J, Cifkova R, Laurent S, Nilsson P, Narkiewicz K, Erdine S, et al; Scientific Council of the European Society of Hypertension. The metabolic syndrome in hypertension: European society of hypertension position statement. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1891-900.
Pubmed
8. Kowalska I, Straczkowski M, Nikolajuk A, Adamska A, Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Otziomek E, et al. Insulin resistance, serum adiponectin, and proinflammatory markers in young subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2008;57:1539-44.
Pubmed
9. Aguilera CM, Gil-Campos M, Cañete R, Gil A. Alterations in plasma and tissue lipids associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;114:183-93.
10. World Health Organization. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. WHO global report; 2005.
11. Epping-Jordan JE, Galea G, Tukuitonga C, Beaglehole R. Preventing chronic diseases:taking stepwise action. Lancet. 2005;366:1667-71.
Pubmed
12. Charansonney OL, Després JP. Disease prevention -should we target obesity or sedentary lifestyle? Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:468-72.
13. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116:1081-93.
Pubmed
14. Booth FW, Chakravarthy MV, Gordon SE, Spangenburg EE. Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:3-30.
Pubmed
15. Jolliffe JA, Rees K, Taylor RS, Thompson D, Oldridge N, Ebrahim S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001:CD001800.
16. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation. 2003;107:3109-16.
Pubmed
17. Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1345-60.
Pubmed
18. Vuori IM. Dose-response of physical activity and low back pain, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:S551-86; discussion 609-10.
Pubmed
19. Shaw K, Gennat H, O''Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD003817.
20. Pollock KM. Exercise in treating depression: broadening the psychotherapist''s role. J Clin Psychol. 2001;57:1289-300.
Pubmed
21. Lee IM. Physical activity and cancer prevention-data from epidemiologic studies. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1823-7.
Pubmed
22. Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, Savage PD, Ehrman JK, Schairer J, Divine G, et al. Peak aerobic capacity predicts prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease. Am Heart J. 2008;156:292-300.
Pubmed
23. Vanhees L, Fagard R, Thijs L, Staessen J, Amery A. Prognostic significance of peak exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:358-63.
Pubmed
24. Wisloff U, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O, Haram PM, Swoap S, Al-Share Q, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity. Science. 2005;307:418-20.
Pubmed
25. Aizawa K, Shoemaker JK, Overend TJ, Petrella RJ. Metabolic syndrome, endothelial function and lifestyle modification. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2009; 6:181-9.
Pubmed
26. Pitanga FJG, Lessa I. Indicadores antropométricos de obesidade como instrumento de triagem para risco coronariano elevado em adultos na cidade de Salvador - Bahia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85:26-31.
Pubmed
27. Lakka T, Lakka HM, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Abdominal obesity is associated with accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154:497-504.
Pubmed
28. Hanley AJ, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relatio to the incidente of cardiovascular disease: The San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1177-84.
Pubmed
29. Grundy SM, Abate N, Chandalia M. Diet composition and metabolic syndrome: What is the optimal fat intake. Am J Med. 2002;113(Suppl 2):25S-29S.
Pubmed
30. Ginsberg HN. Treatment for patients with metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:29E-39E.
Pubmed
31. De Frutos, Sanchez de Miguel L, López-Farre A, Gómez J, Romero J, Marcos-Alberca P, et al. Expression of an endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase isoform in human neutrophils: modification by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and during acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:800-7.
Pubmed
32. Shaw KA, Gennat HC, O''Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006; Issue 4. No: CD003817.
33. Kretschmer BD, Schelling P, Beier N, Liebscher C, Treutel S, Krüger N, et al. Modulatory role of food, feeding regime and physical exercise on body weight and insulin resistance. Life Sciences. 2005;76:1553-73.
Pubmed
34. Savage PD, Brochu M, Poehlman ET, Ades PA. Reduction in obesity and coronary risk factors after high caloric exercise training in overweight coronary patients. Am Heart J. 2003;146:317-23.
Pubmed
35. Rribarra P, Germain A, Cuevas A, Faúndez G, Valdés S. Disfunción endotelial como alteración primaria en las patologías vasculares. Rev Med Chile. 2000;128:659-70.
Pubmed
36. Hagberg JM, Park JJ, Brown MD. The role of exercise training in the treatment of hypertension. Sports Med. 2000;30:193-206.
Pubmed
37. ACSM. Position stand: Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:533-53.
Pubmed
38. Irving RJ, Noon JP, Watt GC, Webb DJ, Walker BR. Activation of the endohtelin system in insulin syndrome. QJM. 2001;94:321-6.
Pubmed
39. Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallett JW, Heblin DM, Sandberg SM, Burnett JJ. Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:997-1001.
Pubmed
40. American College of Sports Medicine Position stand. Physic activity, physical fitness, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:1-10.
Pubmed
41. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hyper-tension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:533-53.
Pubmed
42. SBC. III Diretrizes Brasileira Sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Prevenção da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001;77(Suppl 3):1-48.
Pubmed
43. Packard CJ, Saito Y. Non-HDL cholesterol as a measure of atherosclerosis risk. J Atheroscler Thrombosis. 2002;11:6-14.
44. Santos JL. Variación genética de lipoproteínas y lípidos plasmáticos. Rev Chil Cardiol. 2010;29:88-93.
45. Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson G, Wareham N, Bingham S, et al. Triglycerides and the risk of coronan/ heart disease. 10158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation. 2007;115:450-8.
Pubmed
46. Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA. 2007;298:309-16.
Pubmed
47. Pérez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F, Ordovas JM. Influence of genetic factors in the modulation of postprandial lipemia. Atheroscler Suppl. 2008;9:49-55.
Pubmed
48. Rique AB, Soarez EA, Meirelles CM. Nutrição e exercício na prevenção e controle das doenças cardiovasculares. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2002;8:244-54.
49. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Aerobic exercise and HDL2-C: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184:207-15.
Pubmed
50. Roberts CK, Vaziri ND, Barnard J. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation. 2002;106:2530-2.
Pubmed
51. Lalonde L, Gray-Donald K, Lowensteyn I, Marchand S, Dorais M, Michael G, et al. Comparing the benefits of diet and exercise in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Prev Med. 2002;35:16-24.
Pubmed
52. Couillard C, Després JP, Lamarche B, Bergeron J, Gagnon J, Leon AS, et al. Effects of endurance exercise training on plasma HDL cholesterol levels depend on levels of triglycerides evidence from men of the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1226-32.
Pubmed
53. Bhalodkar NC, Blum S, Rana T, Bhalodkar A, Kitchappa R, Enas E. Effect of leisure time exercise on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, its subclasses, and size in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:98-100.
Pubmed
54. Matos AC, Ladeia AM. Avaliação de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma comunidade rural da Bahia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81:291-6.
Pubmed
55. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:1510-30.
Pubmed
56. Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(Suppl 1):3-63.
Pubmed
57. Moens AL, Goovaerts I, Claeys MJ, Vrints CJ. Flow-mediated vasodilation: a diagnostic instrument, or an experimental tool? Chest. 2005;127:2254-63.
58. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;109:III27-32.
Pubmed
59. Leeson P, Thorne S, Donald A, Mullen M, Clarkson P, Deanfield J. Non-invasive measurement of endothelial function: effect on brachial artery dilatation of graded endothelial dependent and independent stimuli. Heart. 1997;78:22-7.
Pubmed
60. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340:1111-5.
Pubmed
61. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;109:27-32.
62. Lerman A, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation. 2005;111:363-8.
Pubmed
63. Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, Quyyumi AA, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:593-600.
Pubmed
64. Moyna NM, Thompson PD. The effect of physical activity on endothelial function in man. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;180:113-23.
Pubmed
65. Chatzizisis YS, Coskun AU, Jonas M, Edelman ER, Stone PH, Feldmtan CL. Risk stratification of individual coronary lesions using local endothelial shear stress: a new paradigm for managing coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007;22:552-64.
Pubmed
66. Di Francescomarino S, Sciartilli A, Di Valerio V, Di Baldassarre A, Gallina S. The effect of physical exercise on endothelial function. Sports Med. 2009;39:797-812.
Pubmed
67. Sessa WC, Pitchard K, Seyedi N, Wang J, Hintze TH. Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Circ Res. 1994;74:349-53.
Pubmed
68. Rush JW, Denniss SG, Graham DA. Vascular nitric oxide and oxidative stress: determinants of endothelial adaptations to cardiovascular disease and to physical activity. Can J Appl Physiol. 2005;30:442-74.
Pubmed
69. Seals DR, Walker AE, Pierce GL, Lesniewski LA. Habitual exercise and vascular ageing. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 23):5541-9.
Pubmed
70. Holzmann S. Endothelium-induced relaxation by acetylcholine associated with larger rises in cyclic GMP incoronary arterial strips. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 1982;8:409-19.
Pubmed
71. Kingwell B. Nitric oxide-mediated metabolic regulation during exercise: effects of training in health and cardiovascular disease. FASEB. 2000;14:1685-96.
72. Sigal R, Kenny G, Wasserman D, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/ exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 2004;27:2518-39.
Pubmed
73. Da Luz PL, Laurindo FR, Chagas AC. Endotélio: Doenças Cardiovasculares. 1ed. São Paulo, SP: Atheneu; 2004.
74. DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, Dinneno FA, Monahan KD, Tanaka H, et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation. 2000;102:1351-7.
Pubmed
75. Galleta F, Franzoni F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S, Salvetti A, et al. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation and carotid artery wall remodeling wall in athletes and sedentary subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2006;186:184-92.
Pubmed
76. Clarkson P, Montgomery HE, Mullen MJ, Donald AE, Powe AJ, Bull T, et al. Exercise training enhances endothelium function in young men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1379-85.
Pubmed
77. Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Kurisu S, Yoshimizu A, Sasaki N, Matsuura H, et al. Regular aerobic exercise augments endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects role of endothelium-derived oxide nitric oxide. Circulation. 1999;100:1194-202.
Pubmed
78. Vona M, Rossi A, Capodaglio P, Rizzo S, Servi P, De Marchi M, et al. Impact of physical training and detraining on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004;147:1039-46.
Pubmed
79. Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, et al. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003;108:530-5.
Pubmed
80. Fernández JM, Fuentes-Jiménez F, López-Miranda J. Función endotelial y ejercicio físico. Rev Andal Med Deporte. 2009;2:61-9.
81. Lakka T, Laukkanen JA, Rauraama R, Salonen R, Lakka HM, Kaplan GA, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:12-20.
Pubmed
82. Rinder MR, Spina RJ, Ehsani AA. Enhanced endothelium-dependent vaso-dilation in older endurance-trained men. J Applied Physiol. 2000;88:761-7.
83. Bigornia SJ, Mott MM, Hess DT, Apovian CM, McDonnell ME, Duess MA, et al. Long-term successful weight loss improves vascular endothelial function in severely obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18: 754-9.
84. Pinkey JH, Stehouwer CD, Coppack SW, Yuskin JS. Endothelial dysfunction: cause of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes. 1997;46(Suppl 2):S9-S13.
Pubmed
85. Rizvi AA. Cytokine biomarkers, endothelial inflammation, and atherosclerosis in the metabolic syndrome: emerging concepts. Am J Med Sci. 2009;338:310-8.
Pubmed
86. Black MA, Cable NT, Thijssen DH, Green DJ. Impact of age, sex, and exercise on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;297:H1109-16.
Pubmed
87. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leamin R. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97:2601-10.
Pubmed
88. Diabetes prevention program research group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.
Pubmed
89. Green D, Maiorana A, O''Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol. 2004; 561:1-25.
Pubmed
90. Nishida Y, Tokuyama K, Nagasaka S, Higaki Y, Shirai Y, Kiyonaga A, et al. Effect of moderate exercise training on peripheral glucose effectiveness, insulin sensitivity, and endogenous glucose production in healthy humans estimated by two-compartment-labeled minimal model. Diabetes. 2004;53:315-20.
Pubmed
91. Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Rizza RA, Coenen-Schimke JM, et al. Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity. Diabetes. 2003;52:1888-96.
Pubmed
92. Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Skoumas J, Zeimbekis A, Kokkinos P, et al. Association of leisure-time physical activity on inflammation markers (C-reactive protein, white cell blood count, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen) in healthy subjects (from the ATTICA study). Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:368-70.
Pubmed
93. Tomaszewski M, Charchar FJ, Przybycin M, Crawford L, Wallace AM, Gosek K, et al. Strikingly low circulating CRP concentrations in ultramarathon runners independent of markers of adiposity: how low can you go? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1640-4.
94. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, Rost R. Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21:21-4.
Pubmed
95. Goodyear LJ, Giorgino F, Balon TW, Condorelli G, Smith RJ. Effects of contractile activity on tyrosine phosphoproteins and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:E987-E95.
Pubmed
96. Lund S, Holman GD, Schmitz O, Pedersen O. Contraction stimulates trans-location of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92: 5817-21.
Pubmed
97. Lee AD, Hansen PA, Holloszy JO. Wortmannin inhibits insulinstimulated but not contraction-stimulated glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett. 1995;361:51-4.
Pubmed
98. Giada F, Biffi A, Agostoni P, Anedda A, Belardinelli R, Carlon R, et al. Exercise prescription for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: part II. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2008;9:641-52.
99. Koivisto UM, Martinez-Valdez H, Bilan PJ, Burdett E, Ramlal T, Klip A. Differential regulation of the GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 glucose transport systems by glucose and insulin in L6 muscle cells in culture. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:2615-21.
Pubmed
100. Tuominen JA, Karonen SL, Melamies L, Bolli G, Koivisto VA. Exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in IDDM patients treated with a short-acting insulin analogue. Diabetologia. 1995;38:106-11.
Pubmed

Ramírez-Vélez, R.a; Da Silva-Grigoletto, M.E.b; Fernández, J.M.c

aICESI University. Cali. Colombia.

bAndalusian Center of Sports Medicine. Córdoba. España.

cLipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN). Córdoba. España.

Versión para impresiónEnviarImprimirCompartir
icono facebookicono twitter

Este artículo pertenece a la revista Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte