Aspergilosis pulmonar invasiva en el paciente crítico no neutropénico. Retos de futuro
Publicado en Med Intensiva. 2006;30:386-91. - vol.30 núm 08
Introducción
La entrada de
Aspergillus spp. en el organismo se produce por
inhalación de las esporas que se encuentran en el aire,
suelo o plantas, por lo que la afectación pulmonar es la
principal presentación de la infección por este
hongo, que puede adoptar 5 formas clínicas diferentes:
aspergilosis broncopulmonar alérgica, aspergiloma,
aspergilosis crónica necrotizante, traqueobronquitis
invasiva (o aspergilosis bronquial invasiva) y la aspergilosis
pulmonar invasiva (API)1,2. Otras presentaciones
clínicas como la sinusitis, la afectación
cutánea y las formas diseminadas a partir de pulmón
que pueden afectar al cerebro, hígado, bazo y tracto
gastrointestinal son mucho menos frecuentes.
Entre las
distintas formas de presentación de la infección por
Aspergillus spp., que afectan a pacientes críticos,
la API constituye un reto para los médicos intensivistas,
tanto por las dificultades en su diagnóstico como por la
escasa efectividad de los tratamientos propuestos hasta la
actualidad.
Los factores de
riesgo de adquisición de una infección por
Aspergillus spp. se reflejan en la tabla 1 tomada del trabajo
de Perfect el al3. De esos factores, el más
importante es la profundidad y duración de la neutropenia.
En enfermos inmunocompetentes ingresados en las Unidades de
Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), los pacientes con mayor riesgo de
infectarse por Aspergillus spp. son aquellos que han estado
en tratamiento con glucocorticoides.
Las
manifestaciones clínicas de la API son inicialmente
indistinguibles de una bronconeumonía bacteriana, con
fiebre, tos y esputo purulento. Se han considerado
característicos el dolor pleurítico y la hemoptisis.
Cuando la afectación traqueobronquial...
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Olaechea Astigarraga, PMa; Álvarez Lerma, Fb; Zaldíbar Enriquez, Ea
aServicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital de Galdakao. Vizcaya. España.
bServicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital del Mar. Barcelona. España.