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Aspectos cronobiológicos de la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico
Publicado en Endocrinol Nutr. 2012;59:50-61. - vol.59 núm 01
Resumen
Resumen
Los ritmos circadianos (aproximadamente 24 horas) están ampliamente caracterizados a nivel molecular y su generación se realiza gracias a la expresión de varios «genes reloj» y mediante la regulación de sus productos proteicos. Mientras que la adaptación general de los organismos a los ciclos ambientales de luz-oscuridad se lleva a cabo principalmente por el reloj central del núcleo supraquiasmático, este mecanismo de reloj molecular es funcional en varios órganos y tejidos. Algunos estudios muestran que un fallo del sistema circadiano (cronodisrupción [CD]) puede ser la causa de las manifestaciones del síndrome metabólico. Esta revisión resume, (1) cómo los relojes moleculares coordinan el metabolismo y su papel específico en el adipocito; (2) aspectos genéticos y evidencias científicas de la obesidad como enfermedad cronobiológica, y (3) CD, sus causas y consecuencias patológicas. Finalmente, se discuten ideas sobre el uso de la cronobiología en el tratamiento de la obesidad.
Palabras clave Cronobiología. Obesidad. Síndrome Metabólico.
Introducción
Introducción La vida es un fenómeno rítmico. Cuando estudiamos cualquier actividad vital en relación con el tiempo, nos encontramos con oscilaciones que indican que estas actividades no se desarrollan de manera continua. Los ritmos circadianos (del latín circa diem, aproximadamente un día) son una parte tan innata de nuestras vidas que raramente les prestamos atención1. El funcionamiento correcto de estos ritmos circadianos endógenos permite a los organismos predecir y anticiparse a los cambios medioambientales, así como adaptar temporalmente sus funciones conductuales y fisiológicas a estos cambios. En humanos, los hábitos sociales actuales, tales como la reducción del tiempo de sueño y el incremento de irregularidad interdiaria del sueño-vigilia (jet-lag, trabajo por turnos y un aumento de la exposición a la luz brillante durante la noche) o el elevado consumo de «snacks», actúan sobre el cerebro induciendo una pérdida de la «percepción» de los ritmos internos y externos2. Actualmente, existen estudios que sugieren que la interrupción o desincronización interna del sistema circadiano (cronodisrupción [CD]) puede contribuir a las manifestaciones del síndrome metabólico (SM) y complicaciones que aparecen con la obesidad, como dislipidemia, intolerancia a la glucosa, disfunción endotelial, hipertensión, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular, entre otras3, 4. La cronobiología (ciencia que estudia los cambios que presenta el individuo a lo largo del tiempo) está implicada en la mayoría de estas alteraciones4. De hecho, es bastante conocido el control circadiano de la función cardiovascular5, así como de hormonas involucradas en el metabolismo (insulina, glucagón, hormona del crecimiento y cortisol) y la obesidad...Bibliografía
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Gómez-Abellán, Purificacióna; Madrid, Juan Antonioa; Ordovás, José Maríab,c,d; Garaulet, Martaa
aDepartamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
bLaboratorio de Nutrición y Genómica, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
cDepartamento de Epidemiología, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, España
dIMDEA Alimentación, Madrid, España
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