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Vol. 35. Núm. S1.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Páginas 98-101 (Septiembre 2012)
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Vol. 35. Núm. S1.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Páginas 98-101 (Septiembre 2012)
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Últimos avances en pancreatitis aguda
Latest advances in acute pancreatitis
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Enrique de-Madaria
Unidad de Patología Pancreática, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España
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Resumen

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares podrían ser un factor de riesgo para la pancreatitis aguda (PA), en concreto la hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica. El tabaquismo se asocia a PA (odds ratio, 2,34), siendo la asociación menos marcada que con pancreatitis crónica. Además puede asociarse a peor pronóstico en la PA. El sistema pronóstico BISAP tiene una capacidad de predicción de mortalidad similar a APACHE II, siendo su cálculo mucho más sencillo. La resonancia magnética es una técnica de imagen segura (no se produce irradiación del paciente) y útil en el diagnóstico de complicaciones, en la predicción de gravedad y en la toma de decisiones clínicas. La trombosis venosa peripancreática es frecuente en la PA, y raramente se asocia a sangrado por varices gástricas o a isquemia mesentérica. El tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática organizada por drenaje endoscópico y percutáneo combinados es seguro y efectivo, permitiendo ahorrar la cirugía. La administración de fluidoterapia agresiva no parece mejorar la evolución de los pacientes con PA. La administración de nutrición enteral precoz en PA levemoderada disminuye el dolor abdominal y el riesgo de intolerancia a realimentación oral.

Palabras clave:
Pancreatitis aguda
Etiología
Pronóstico
Tratamiento
Diagnóstico
Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases could be a risk factor for acute pancreatitis (AP), specifically hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Smoking is associated with AP (OR 2.34), with the association being less marked than with chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, smoking may worsen the prognosis of AP. The bedside index for severity in AP (BISAP) prognostic system has a similar ability to predict mortality to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) index and is much simpler to calculate. Magnetic resonance imaging is a safe technique (it does not radiate the patient) and is useful in the diagnosis of complications, severity prediction and clinical decision making. Peripancreatic venous thrombosis is frequent in AP and is rarely associated with gastric variceal bleeding or mesenteric ischemia. The treatment of organized pancreatic necrosis by combined endoscopic and percutaneous drainage is safe and effective, avoiding the need for surgery. Aggressive fluid therapy does not seem to improve the outcome of patients with AP. The administration of early enteral nutrition in mild-moderate AP reduces abdominal pain and the risk of intolerance of oral refeeding.

Keywords:
Acute pancreatitis
Etiology
Prognosis
Treatment
Diagnosis
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Copyright © 2012. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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