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Vol. 18. Issue 1.
Pages 18-23 (January - June 2017)
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Vol. 18. Issue 1.
Pages 18-23 (January - June 2017)
Special article
Rhomboencephalitis outbreak due to enterovirus A71 in children in Catalonia. Advances in prevention
Brote de rombencefalitis por enterovirus A71 en niños en Cataluña. Avances en la prevención
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F.A. Moraga-Llop
Asociación Española de Vacunología, Consejo Asesor de Vacunaciones del Departamento de Salud de la Generalitat de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
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Table 1. Classification of enteroviruses.
Table 2. Outbreaks of infection caused by EV-A71 in Europe (1975–2015).
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Abstract

Between April and June 2016, an outbreak of Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) with rhomboencephalitis-like neurological complications occurred in the paediatric population of Catalonia. EV infections are common and benign in children, with a broad polymorphous clinical spectrum ranging from mild skin manifestations such as exanthematous disease to nervous system involvement with predominance of meningitis over the severe and infrequent encephalitic forms. The existing EV serotypes are currently grouped in four species: A, B, C and D. EV-A71 has caused outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease with severe neurological complications. Measures to avoid infection transmission are primarily preventive (hand washing). Outbreaks of EV-A71 with severe and lethal complications have prompted the search for preventive vaccines. Two of these vaccines have been licensed in China in 2016: they are whole inactivated viruses, are adsorbed in aluminium hydroxide and provide protection against all the clinical forms of hand, foot and mouth disease; one of them also protects against herpangina, produced by EV-A71 subgenotype C4, which has been predominant in China since 2008. These vaccines do not provide cross-protection against other EV species. Such peculiarities limit their use in controlling outbreaks in specific geographical areas and only for one subgenotype.

Keywords:
Enterovirus
Enterovirus A71
Rhomboencephalitis
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Vaccines
Resumen

Durante el periodo de abril a junio de 2016 se ha producido entre la población pediátrica de Cataluña un brote de infección por enterovirus (EV) del serotipo A71 con complicaciones neurológicas del tipo de la rombencefalitis. Las infecciones por EV son frecuentes y benignas en la infancia, con un espectro clínico amplio y polimorfo, desde una afectación leve cutánea, como enfermedad exantemática, hasta la del sistema nervioso con predominio de la meningitis frente a las graves e infrecuentes formas encefalíticas. Los serotipos de EV que existen se dividen actualmente en 4 especies, denominadas A, B, C y D. El EV-A71 ha dado lugar a brotes de enfermedad boca-mano-pie con complicaciones neurológicas graves. Las medidas para evitar la transmisión de la infección son el principal método preventivo (higiene de manos). Los brotes por EV-A71 con complicaciones graves y con letalidad han llevado a que se investiguen vacunas preventivas. Dos de estas vacunas se han autorizado en China en 2016: son inactivadas de virus enteros, están adsorbidas en hidróxido de aluminio y proporcionan protección frente a todas las formas clínicas de enfermedad boca-mano-pie, y una de ellas también frente a la herpangina, producidas por el EV-A71 subgenotipo C4, que es el que predomina en China desde 2008. Estas vacunas no proporcionan protección cruzada frente a otras especies de EV. Tales peculiaridades limitan su uso al control de brotes en determinadas áreas geográficas y solo por un subgenotipo.

Palabras clave:
Enterovirus
Enterovirus A71
Rombencefalitis
Síndrome boca-mano-pie
Vacunas

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