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Original article
Evaluation and handling of constipation in critical patients
Evaluación y abordaje del estreñimiento en el paciente crítico
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J. Pérez-Sáncheza,
Corresponding author
jperezs@bellvitgehospital.cat

Corresponding author.
, J. Fernández-Boronata, E. Martínez-Méndeza, M.L. Marín-Cagigasa, D. Mota-Puertoa, M.C. Pérez-Romána, G. Martínez-Estalellab
a Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, l’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
b Directora Enfermera, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Grupo de Investigación Área Enfermera, Profesora Asociada Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
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Received 27 July 2016. Accepted 16 January 2017
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Anthropometric values.
Table 2. Types of enteral nutrition given and in association with constipation.
Table 3. The association of constipation with the day corrective measures commenced.
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Abstract
Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care against constipation and to identify, analyse and evaluate causes and consequences.

Methodology

Observational, descriptive and prospective study in polyvalent ICU tertiary hospital (2013–2015). Inclusion criteria: >18 years, stay >7 days, connected to respiratory support, with nasogastric tube and enteral or mixed nutrition. Patients with gastrointestinal pathology, encephalopathic and jejunostomy/ileostomy were excluded. The studied variables (age, sex, weight, height, pathology, medical treatment, nutrition and volume type, depositional characteristics, quantity and frequency, corrective measures and complications) were collected by ad hoc grill. It is authorised by the CEIC.

Results

139 patients with a mean age of 62 years and average stay of 11 days were analysed; 63% suffered from constipation. Opiates and antacid were the drugs administered most frequently (99%), even though patients who took muscle relaxants, iron supplements and/or calcium and anti-hypertensive were the ones who suffered most from constipation (77%; 75%; 70%) The fibre free diet was the most widely used (60% constipated), followed by dietary fibre (51% constipated), and the combination of both (85% constipated). 56% used laxatives as a corrective measure, magnesium hydroxide being the most widely used; 54% began the first day. Gastric retention was the most relevant complication (49%).

Conclusion

Constipation is a real multifactorial problem. We recommend:

  • Intensified surveillance in patients with drugs that promote constipation.

  • Use high-fibre diets from the outset.

  • Apply laxatives and prokinetics early and in combination. We need to create a protocol for prophylaxis and management of constipation.

Keywords:
Constipation
Intensive care
Nutrition
Treatment
Nursing
Resumen
Objetivo

Valorar la eficacia de los cuidados enfermeros frente al estreñimiento e identificar, analizar y evaluar sus causas y consecuencias.

Metodología

Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo, en UCI polivalentes de un hospital de tercer nivel (2013-2015). Criterios de inclusión: >18 años, estancia >7 días, con ventilación mecánica, portadores de sonda nasogástrica y nutrición enteral o mixta. Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedad digestiva, encefalopáticos y con yeyunostomía/ileostomía. Las variables estudiadas (edad, sexo, peso, talla, enfermedad, tratamiento médico, tipo de nutrición y volumen, características deposicionales, cantidad y frecuencia, medidas correctoras y complicaciones) se recogieron mediante parrilla ad hoc. Dispone de autorización CEIC.

Resultados

Se analizaron 139 pacientes con edad media de 62 años y estancia media de 11 días; un 63% padecieron estreñimiento. Opiáceos y antiácidos fueron los fármacos más administrados (99%), aunque los relajantes musculares, suplementos de hierro y/o calcio y antihipertensivos fueron los que dieron más estreñimiento (77, 75 y 70%). La dieta sin fibra fue la más utilizada (60% estreñidos), seguida de dieta con fibra (51% estreñidos) y la combinación de ambas (85% estreñidos) Un 56% usó laxantes como medida correctora, siendo el hidróxido de magnesio el más utilizado; un 54% las iniciaron el primer día. La retención gástrica fue la complicación más relevante (49%).

Conclusión

El estreñimiento es un problema real multifactorial. Recomendamos:

  • Intensificar la vigilancia en pacientes con fármacos que favorecen el estreñimiento.

  • Utilizar dietas con fibra desde el inicio.

  • Aplicar de forma precoz y combinada procinéticos y laxantes. Creemos necesario crear un protocolo para la profilaxis y manejo del estreñimiento.

Palabras clave:
Estreñimiento
Cuidados intensivos
Nutrición
Tratamiento
Enfermería

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