Article information
La hipercolesterolemia es un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. La reducción eficaz y a largo plazo de las concentraciones de colesterol total y ligado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad previene la mortalidad por enfermedad coronaria. Hasta la fecha los fármacos más eficaces para reducir las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol eran los inhibidores de la hidroximetilglutaril coenzima A reductasa (estatinas). Sin embargo, en muchos pacientes la monoterapia con estos fármacos no consigue la reducción del colesterol hasta las cifras establecidas por las guías de actuación clínica, por lo que se hace necesario el tratamiento combinado con otros hipolipemiantes. En el presente artículo se revisan los fármacos que actúan fundamentalmente a través de una inhibición de la absorción del colesterol y su utilidad en la práctica clínica.
Palabras clave:
Colesterol
Absorción intestinal
Ezetimiba
Hypercholesterolemia is a cardiovascular risk factor. Effective and long-term reduction of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations lowers mortality from coronary heart disease. Until now the most effective cholesterol-lowering drugs have been hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins). However many patients do not achieve standard treatment goals as defined by clinical guidelines with statins in monotherapy and require combination therapy with other lipid lowering drugs. The present review discusses the pharmacologic agents that act through inhibition of cholesterol absorption and their role in the clinical management of hypercholesterolemia.
Key words:
Cholesterol
Intestinal absorption
Ezitimibe
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J. Stamler, D. Wentworth, J.D. Neaton.
Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT).
JAMA, 256 (1986), pp. 2823-2828
[2.]
M.R. Law, N.J. Wald, S.G. Thompson.
By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?.
BMJ, 308 (1994), pp. 367-372
[3.]
M.R. Law, N.J. Wald.
An ecological study of serum cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease between 1950 and 1990.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 48 (1994), pp. 305-325
[4.]
J. Stamler, M.L. Daviglus, D.B. Garside, A.R. Dyer, P. Greenland, J.D. Neaton.
Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity.
JAMA, 284 (2000), pp. 311-318
[5.]
M.R. Law, N.J. Wald, A.R. Rudnicka.
Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMJ, 326 (2003), pp. 1423
[6.]
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group.
Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S).
Lancet, 344 (1994), pp. 1383-1389
[7.]
West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group.
Influence of pravastatin and plasma levels on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS).
Circulation, 97 (1998), pp. 1440-1445
[8.]
The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group.
Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels.
N Engl J Med, 339 (1998), pp. 1349-1357
[9.]
J.R. Downs, M. Clearfield, S. Weis, E. Whytney, D.R. Shapiro, P.A. Beere, et al.
Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS.
JAMA, 279 (1998), pp. 1615-1622
[10.]
F.M. Sacks, L.A. Moyé, B.R. Davis, T.G. Cole, J.L. Rouleau, D.T. Nash, et al.
Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial.
Circulation, (1998), pp. 97
[11.]
Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-421.
[12.]
T.A. Pearson, I. Laurora, H. Chu, S. Kafonek.
The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals.
Arch Intern Med, 160 (2000), pp. 459-467
[13.]
T.C. Andrews, C.M. Ballantyne, J.A. Hsia, J.H. Kramer.
Achieving and maintaining National Cholesterol Education Program low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals with five statins.
Am J Med, 111 (2001), pp. 185-191
[14.]
P. Jones, S. Kafonek, I. Laurora, D. Hunninghake.
Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study).
Am J Cardiol, 81 (1998), pp. 582-587
[15.]
G.R. Thompson, F. O’Neill, M. Seed.
Why some patients respond poorly to statins and how this might be remedied.
Eur Heart J, 23 (2002), pp. 200-206
[16.]
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group.
MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet, 360 (2002), pp. 7-22
[17.]
P.S. Sever, B. Dahlof, N.R. Poulter, H. Wedel, G. Beevers, M. Caulfield, et al.
Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial.
Lancet, 361 (2003), pp. 1149-1158
[18.]
ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group.
The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT).
JAMA, 288 (2002), pp. 2998-3007
[19.]
C.P. Cannon, E. Braunwald, C.H. McCabe, D.J. Rader, J.L. Rouleau, R. Belder, Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 Investigators, et al.
Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 1495-1504
[20.]
S.M. Grundy, J.I. Cleeman, C. Noel Bairey Merz, H. Bryan Brewer, L.T. Clark, D.B. Hunninghake, et al.
Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines.
Circulation, 13 (2004), pp. 227-239
[21.]
S.M. Bosner, L.G. Lange, W.F. Stenson, R.E. Ostlund Jr.
Percent cholesterol absorption in normal women and men quantified with dual stable isotopic tracers and negative ion mass spectometry.
J Lipid Res, 40 (1999), pp. 302-308
[22.]
Q.H. David, M.D. Wang.
New concepts of mechanisms of intestinal cholesterol absorption.
Ann Hepatol, 2 (2003), pp. 113-121
[23.]
E. Ros.
Inhibición de la absorción intestinal del colesterol: nueva diana terapéutica en la reducción de la colesterolemia.
Clin Invest Arterioscl, 15 (2003), pp. 261-275
[24.]
H. Thurnhofer, H. Hauser.
Uptake of cholesterol by small intestinal brush border membrane is protein-mediated.
Biochemistry, 29 (1990), pp. 2142-2148
[25.]
S. Compassi, M. Werder, D. Boffelli, F.E. Weber, H. Hauser, G. Schulthess.
Cholesteryl ester absorption by small intestinal brush border membrane is protein-mediated.
Biochemistry, 34 (1995), pp. 16473-16482
[26.]
R.A. Moreau, B.D. Whitaker, K.B. Hicks.
Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses.
Prog Lipid Res, 41 (2002), pp. 457-500
[27.]
V. Piironen, D.G. Lindsay, T.A. Miettinen, J. Toivo, A.M. Lampi.
Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition.
J Sci Food Agric, 80 (2000), pp. 939-966
[28.]
G. Schmitz, T. Langmann, S. Helmerl.
Role of ABCG1 and other ABCG family members in lipid metabolism.
J Lipid Res, 42 (2001), pp. 1513-1520
[29.]
K.E. Berge, H. Tian, G.A. Graf, L. Yu, N.V. Grishin, J. Schultz, et al.
Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters.
Science, 290 (2000), pp. 1771-1775
[30.]
M.H. Lee, K. Lu, S. Hazard, H. Yu, S. Shulenin, K. Hidaka, et al.
Identification of a gene, ABCG5, important in the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption.
Nat Genet, 27 (2001), pp. 79-83
[31.]
L. Yu, R.E. Hammer, J. Li-Hawkins, K. Von Bergmann, D. Lutjohann, J.C. Cohen, et al.
Disruption of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in mice reveals their crucial role in biliary cholesterol secretion.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99 (2002), pp. 16237-16242
[32.]
L. Yu, J. Li-Hawkins, R.E. Hammer, K.E. Berge, J.D. Horton, J.C. Cohen, et al.
Overexpression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 promotes biliary cholesterol secretion and reduces fractional absorption of dietary cholesterol.
J Clin Invest, 110 (2002), pp. 671-680
[33.]
L. Yu, J. York, K. Von Bergmann, D. Lutjohann, J.C. Cohen, H.H. Hobbs.
Stimulation of cholesterol excretion by the liver X receptor agonist requires ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8.
J Biol Chem, 278 (2003), pp. 15565-15570
[34.]
G.A. Graf, W.P. Li, R.D. Gerard, I. Gelissen, A. White, J.C. Cohen, et al.
Coexpression of ATP-binding cassette proteins ABCG5 y ABCG8 permits their transport to the apical surface.
J Clin Invest, 110 (2002), pp. 659-669
[35.]
L.-P. Duan, D.-H. Wang.
Sterols influence intestinal cholesterol absorption through mediating expression of the ileal ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 (ABCG5/G8).
Gastroenterology, 122 (2002), pp. A403
[36.]
V.M. Morales, D.-H. Wang.
Expression of intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 (ABCG5/G8) plays a major role in determining variations in cholesterol absorption efficiency in inbred mice.
Gastroenterology, 122 (2002), pp. A58
[37.]
C. Joyce, K. Skinner, R.A. Anderson, L.L. Rudel.
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2.
Curr Opin Lipidol, 10 (1999), pp. 89-95
[38.]
D.A. Gordon.
Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein assembly.
Curr Opin Lipidol, 8 (1997), pp. 131-137
[39.]
Lipid Research Clinics Program.
The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease.
JAMA, 251 (1984), pp. 351-364
[40.]
Lipid Research Clinics Program.
The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering.
JAMA, (1984), pp. 251
[41.]
Pravastatin Multicenter Study Group II.
Comparative efficacy and safety of pravastatin and cholestyramine alone and combined in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Arch Intern Med, 153 (1993), pp. 1321-1329
[42.]
V. Piironen, J. Toivo, A.M. Lampi.
Natural sources of dietary plant sterols.
J Food Comp Anal, 13 (2000), pp. 619-624
[43.]
K.M. Phillips, D.M. Ruggio, J.I. Toivo, M.A. Swank, A.H. Simpkins.
Free and esterified sterol composition of edible oils and fats.
J Food Comp Anal, 15 (2002), pp. 123-142
[44.]
T. Heinemann, G. Axtmann, K. Von Bergmann.
Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man.
Eur J Clin Invest, 23 (1993), pp. 827-831
[45.]
R.E. Ostlund Jr, J.B. McGill, C.M. Zeng, D.F. Covey, J. Stearns, W.F. Stenson, et al.
Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy Delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282 (2002), pp. E911-E916
[46.]
P.V. Koivisto, T.A. Miettinen.
Plasma and biliary cholestanol related to steroid metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia patients with and without ileal exclusion.
Clin Chim Acta, 174 (1988), pp. 197-205
[48.]
H. Gylling, T.A. Miettinen.
LDL cholesterol lowering by bile acid malabsorption during inhibited synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic coronary subjects.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 12 (2002), pp. 19-23
[49.]
E.H.M. Temme, P.G.A. Van Hoydonck, E.G. Schouten, H. Kesteloot.
Effects of a plant sterol-enriched spread on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Acta Cardiol, 57 (2002), pp. 111-115
[50.]
J. De Graaf, P.R. De Sauvage Nolting, M. Van Dam, E.M. Belsey, J.J. Kastelein, P. Haydn Pritchard, et al.
Consumption of tall-oil derived phytosterols in a chocolate matrix significantly decreases plasma total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels.
Br J Nutr, 88 (2002), pp. 479-488
[51.]
C.A. Vanstone, M. Raeini-Sarjaz, W.E. Parsons, P.J. Jones.
Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons.
Am J Clin Nutr, 76 (2002), pp. 1272-1278
[52.]
O.A. Matvienko, D.S. Lewis, M. Swanson, B. Arndt, D.L. Rainwater, J. Stewart, et al.
A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men.
Am J Clin Nutr, 76 (2002), pp. 57-64
[53.]
M.J. Mussner, K.G. Parhofer, K. Von Bergmann, P. Schwandt, U. Broedl, C. Otto.
Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched margarine on plasma lipoproteins in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia are related to basal cholesterol and fat intake.
Metabolism, 51 (2002), pp. 189-194
[54.]
J.T. Judd, D.J. Baer, S.C. Chen, B.A. Clevidence, R.A. Muesing, M. Kramer, et al.
Plant sterol esters lower plasma lipids and most carotenoids in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults.
Lipids, 37 (2002), pp. 33-42
[55.]
R.P. Mensink, S. Ebbing, M. Lindhout, J. Plat, M.M. Van Heugten.
Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations.
Atherosclerosis, 160 (2002), pp. 205-213
[56.]
A.L. Amundsen, L. Ose, M.S. Nenseter, F.Y. Ntanios.
Plant sterol ester-enriched spread lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Clin Nutr, 76 (2002), pp. 338-344
[57.]
M. Raeini-Sarjaz, F.Y. Ntanios, C.A. Vanstone, P.J.H. Jones.
No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet.
Metabolism, 51 (2002), pp. 652-656
[58.]
M. Noakes, P. Clifton, F. Ntanios, W. Shrapnel, I. Record, J. Mc-Inerney.
An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations.
Am J Clin Nutr, 75 (2002), pp. 79-86
[59.]
M.J. Tikkanen, P. Hogstrom, J. Tuomilehto, S. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, J. Sundvall, H. Karppanen.
Effect of a diet based on low-fat foods enriched with nonesterified plant sterols and mineral nutrients on serum cholesterol.
Am J Cardiol, 88 (2001), pp. 1157-1162
[60.]
R. Volpe, L. Niittynen, R. Korpela, C. Sirtori, A. Bucci, N. Fraone, et al.
Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia.
Br J Nutr, 86 (2001), pp. 233-239
[61.]
H.A.W. Neil, G.W. Meijer, L.S. Roe.
Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spread.
Atherosclerosis, 156 (2001), pp. 329-337
[62.]
P. Nestel, M. Cehun, S. Pomeroy, M. Abbey, G. Weldon.
Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters and non-esterified stanols in margarine, butter and low-fat foods.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 55 (2001), pp. 1084-1090
[63.]
J.C. Russell, H.S. Ewart, S.E. Kelly, J. Kralovec, J.L.C. Wright, P.J. Dolphin.
Improvement of vascular disfunction and blood lipids of insulin resistant rats by a marine oil-based phytosterol compound.
Lipids, 37 (2002), pp. 147-152
[64.]
H.S. Ewart, L.K. Cole, J. Kralovec, H. Layton, J.M. Curtis, J.L.C. Wright, et al.
Fish oil containing phytosterol esters alters blood lipid profiles and left ventricle generation of thromboxane A2 in adult guinea pigs.
J Nutr, 132 (2002), pp. 1149-1152
[65.]
J. Quílez, P. García-Lorda, J. Salas-Salvadó.
Potential uses and benefits of phytosterols in diet: present situation and future directions.
Clin Nutr, 22 (2003), pp. 343-351
[66.]
H.F.J. Hendriks, J.A. Weststrate, T. Van Vliet, G.W. Meijer.
Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 53 (1999), pp. 319-327
[67.]
J.A. Weststrate, G.W. Meijer.
Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentration in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 52 (1998), pp. 334-343
[68.]
K.E. Suckling, E.F. Stange.
Role of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase in cellular cholesterol metabolism.
J Lipid Res, 26 (1985), pp. 647-671
[69.]
T. Sudhop, K. Von Bergmann.
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.
Drugs, 62 (2002), pp. 2333-2347
[70.]
W.Jr Insull, M. Koren, J. Davignon, D. Sprecher, H. Schrott, L.M. Keilson, et al.
Efficacy and short-term safety of a new ACAT inhibitor, avasimibe, on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins, in patients with combined hyperlipidemia.
Atherosclerosis, 157 (2001), pp. 137-144
[71.]
F.J. Raal, A.D. Marais, E. Klepack, J. Lovalvo, R. McLain, T. Heinonen.
Avasimibe, an ACAT inhibitor, enhances the lipid lowering effect of atorvastatin in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Atherosclerosis, 171 (2003), pp. 273-279
[72.]
J.C. Tardif, J. Gregoire, J. Lesperance, J. Lambert, P.L. L’Allier, J. Rodes, et al.
Design features of the Avasimibe and Progression of coronary Lesions assessed by intravascular Ultra-Sound (A-PLUS) clinical trial.
Am Heart J, 144 (2002), pp. 589-596
[73.]
R.E. Gregg, J.R. Wetterau.
The molecular basis of abetalipoproteinemia.
Curr Opin Lipidol, 5 (1994), pp. 81-86
[74.]
J.R. Wetterau, R.E. Gregg, T.W. Harrity, C. Arbeeny, M. Cap, F. Connolly, et al.
An MTP inhibitor that normalizes atherogenic lipoprotein levels in WHHL rabbits.
Science, 282 (1998), pp. 751-754
[75.]
M. Farnier, E. Stein, S. Megnien.
Efficacy and safety of implitapide, a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.
XIV International Symposium on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism,
[76.]
K. Von Bergmann, G. Salen, D. Lutjohann, T. Musliner, B. Musser.
Ezetimibae efectively reduces serum plant sterols in patients with sitosterolemia.
Atherosclerosis Suppl, 3 (2002), pp. 232
[77.]
F. Ezzet, G. Krishna, D.B. Wexler, P. Statkevich, T. Kosoglou, V.K. Batra.
A population pharmacokinetic model that describes multiple peaks due to enterohepatic recirculation of ezetimiba.
Clin Ther, 23 (2001), pp. 871-885
[78.]
H.E. Bays, P.B. Moore, M.A. Drehobl, S. Rosenblatt, P.D. Toth, C.A. Dujovne, et al.
Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibain patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: pooled analysis of two phase II studies.
Clin Ther, 23 (2001), pp. 1209-1230
[79.]
A. Zacs, D.R. Dodds.
Enzymatic glucuronidation of a novel cholesterol absorption inhibitor SCH 58235.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 73 (1998), pp. 205-214
[80.]
M. Harris, W. Davis, W.V. Brown.
Ezetimiba.
Drugs Today (Barc), 39 (2003), pp. 229-247
[81.]
G.D. Norata, A.L. Catapano.
Lipid lowering activity of drugs affecting cholesterol absorption.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 14 (2004), pp. 42-51
[82.]
M. Van Heek, C. Farley, D.S. Compton, L. Hoos, K.B. Alton, E.J. Sybertz, et al.
Comparison of the activity and disposition of the novel cholesterol absorption inhibitor, SCH58235, and its glucuronide, SCH60663.
Br J Pharmacol, 129 (2000), pp. 1748-1754
[83.]
C. Simard, J. Turgeon.
The pharmacokinetics of ezetimiba.
Can J Clin Pharmacol, 10 (2003), pp. 13A-20A
[84.]
K.S. Bauer, T. Kosoglou, P. Statkevich, A. Calzetta, S.E. Maxwell, J.E. Patrick, et al.
Ezetimiba does not affect the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 69 (2001), pp. P5
[85.]
A.C. Keung, T. Kosoglou, P. Statkevich, L. Anderson, T. Boutros, D.L. Cutler, et al.
Ezetimiba does not affect the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 69 (2001), pp. P55
[86.]
T. Kosoglou, P. Statkevich, L. Reyderman, L.J.C. Pember, S.E. Maxwell, R. Courtney, et al.
Effects of selected drugs on exposure to ezetimiba [abstract].
Eur Heart J, 24 (2003), pp. 462
[87.]
T. Kosoglou, P. Statkevich, K.S. Bauer.
Ezetimibe does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of digoxin.
AAPS Pharm Sci, (2001), pp. 3
[88.]
P. Statkevich, L. Reyderman, T. Kosoglou, M. Woloj, S.E. Maxwell, D.L. Cutler, et al.
Ezetimiba does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 69 (2001), pp. P67
[89.]
L. Reyderman, T. Kosoglou, P. Statkevich, L. Anderson, T. Boutros, V. Batra, et al.
No pharmacokinetic drug interaction between ezetimiba and lovastatin.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 69 (2001), pp. P66
[90.]
T. Kosoglou, I. Meyer, E.P. Veltri, P. Statkevich, B. Yang, Y. Zhu, et al.
Pharmacodynamic interaction between the new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimiba and simvastatin.
Br J Clin Pharmacol, 54 (2002), pp. 309-319
[91.]
T. Kosoglou, M. Seiberling, P. Statkevich, D.L. Cutler, B. Yang, L. Anderson, et al.
Pharmacodynamic interaction between the new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimiba and atorvastatin.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 37 (2001), pp. 229A
[92.]
Y. Zhu, P. Statkevich, T. Kosoglou, S.E. Maxwell, L. Anderson, J.E. Patrick, et al.
Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between ezetimibaand atorvastatin.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 69 (2001), pp. P68
[93.]
L. Reyderman, T. Kosoglou, P. Statkevich, L. Pember, S. Maxwell, V. Batra.
Pharmacokinetics of ezetimibain subjects with normal renal function or severe chronic renal insufficiency.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 71 (2002), pp. P27
[94.]
R.H. Knopp, H. Bays, C.V. Manion, L.J. Lipka, L. Melani, A.P. LeBeaut, et al.
Effect of ezetimiba on serum concentrations of lipid-soluble vitamins.
Atherosclerosis, 2 (2001), pp. 90
[95.]
T. Sudhop, D. Lutjohann, A. Kodal, M. Igel, D.L. Tribble, S. Shah, et al.
Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimiba in humans.
Circulation, 106 (2002), pp. 1943-1948
[96.]
C.A. Dujovne, M.P. Ettinger, J.F. McNeer, L.J. Lipka, A.P. LeBeaut, R. Suresh, et al.
Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimiba, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Cardiol, 90 (2002), pp. 1092-1097
[97.]
R.H. Knopp, H. Gitter, T. Truitt, H. Bays, C.V. Manion, L.J. Lipka, et al.
Effects of ezetimiba, a new cholesterol absorption inhibitor, on plasma lipids in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.
Eur Heart J, 24 (2003), pp. 729-741
[98.]
C. Gagne, H.E. Bays, S.R. Weiss, P. Mata, K. Quinto, M. Melino, et al.
Efficacy and safety of ezetimiba added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Cardiol, 90 (2002), pp. 1084-1091
[99.]
M.H. Davidson, T. McGarry, R. Bettis, L. Melani, L.J. Lipka, A.P. Le-Beaut, et al.
Ezetimiba coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 40 (2002), pp. 2125-2134
[100.]
C.M. Ballantyne, J. Houri, A. Notarbartolo, L. Melani, L.J. Lipka, R. Suresh, et al.
Effect of ezetimiba coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.
Circulation, 107 (2003), pp. 2409-2415
[101.]
L. Melani, R. Mills, D. Hassman, R. Lipetz, L. Lipka, A. LeBeaut, et al.
Efficacy and safety of ezetimiba coadministered with pravastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.
Eur Heart J, 24 (2003), pp. 717-728
[102.]
B. Kerzner, J. Corbelli, S. Sharp, L.J. Lipka, L. Melani, A. LeBeaut, et al.
Efficacy and safety of ezetimiba coadministered with lovastatin in primary hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Cardiol, 91 (2003), pp. 418-424
[103.]
L. Lipka, L. Melani, A. LeBeaut, S. Sun, R. Suresh, E.E.S.G. Veltri.
Consistency of LDL-C lowering effect across subgroups of ezetimiba co-administered with statins.
Eur Heart J, 23 (2002), pp. 19
[104.]
T. Kosoglou, M. Guillaume, S. Sun.
Pharmacodynamic interaction between fenofibrate and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe.
Atherosclerosis, (2001), pp. 2
Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición