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Vol. 37. Issue 8.
Pages 513-522 (September 2013)
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Vol. 37. Issue 8.
Pages 513-522 (September 2013)
Review article
Constitutional and occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer
Factores de riesgo constitucionales y ocupacionales asociados al cáncer vesical
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992
J. Ferrísa,
Corresponding author
ferris_jos@gva.es

Corresponding author.
, J. Garciab, O. Berbelc, J.A. Ortegad
a Unitat de Salut Mediambiental Pediàtrica, Unitat d’Oncologia Pediàtrica, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, València, Spain
b Secció d’Anatomia Patològica, Hospital de Sagunt, València, Spain
c Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Centro de Salud de Chella, Chella, Valencia, Spain
d Unidad de Salud Medioambiental Pediátrica, Hospital Materno-Infantil Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Table 1. Estimated incidence, mortality and prevalence at 5 years, men and women.
Table 2. List of human carcinogens and occupational exposures associated with bladder cancer associated with varying degrees of scientific evidence.
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Abstract
Objective

Bladder carcinoma (BC) is the fourth most common type of cancer in males from Western countries, with primary prevention an important healthcare challenge. We review the associated constitutional and occupational risk factors (RF), with greater or lesser scientific evidence, in the etiology of BC.

Material and methods

Literature review of the last 25 years of the constitutional and occupational RF associated with BC, conducted on MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Risk factors/Genetic factors/Genetic polymorphisms/Epidemiology/Occupational factors and Bladder cancer.

Results

The main RF were (a) age and gender (diagnosed at age 65 and over, with a 4:1 ratio of males to females); (b) race, ethnicity and geographic location (predominantly in Caucasians and in Southern European countries); (c) genetic (N-acetyltransferase-2 and glutathione s-transferase M1 gene mutations, which significantly increase the risk for BC); (d) occupational, which represent 5–10% of BC RF; and (f) occupations with high BC risk, such as aluminum production, the manufacture of dyes, paints and colourings, the rubber industry and the extraction and industrial use of fossil fuels.

Conclusions

BC is the end result of the variable combination of constitutional and environmental RF, the majority of which are unknown. The most significant constitutional RF are related to age, gender, race, ethnicity geographic location and genetic polymorphisms. The main occupational RF are those related to aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Keywords:
Bladder cancer
Genetic risk factors
Epidemiology
Occupational exposure
Aromatic amines
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Resumen
Objetivo

En los países occidentales el carcinoma vesical (CV) es el 4.° cáncer más frecuente en varones, siendo la prevención primaria un reto sanitario importante. Se revisan los factores de riesgo (FR) constitucionales y ocupacionales implicados, con mayor o menor evidencia científica, en la etiopatogenia del CV.

Material y métodos

Revisión bibliográfica de los últimos 25 años de los FR constitucionales y ocupacionales asociados al CP, obtenida de MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda han sido Risk factors/Genetic factors/Genetic polymorphisms/Epidemiology/Occupational factors y Bladder cancer.

Resultados

Los principales FR son: a) edad y sexo (se diagnostica en mayores de 65 años con una relación hombre/mujer de 4/1); b) étnico-raciales y geográficos (predominio en caucásicos y los países del Sur de Europa); c) genéticos (las mutaciones del gen N-acetil-transferasa 2 y el Glutation-S-transferasa-M1, incrementan significativamente el riesgo de CV); d) los FR ocupacionales representan el 5–10%; y f) las profesiones con mayores riesgos de CV son la producción de aluminio, manufactura de tintes, pinturas y colorantes, industria del caucho y la extracción y usos industriales de combustibles fósiles.

Conclusiones

El CV es el resultado final de la combinación variable de los FR constitucionales y ambientales. Desconocemos la mayoría de FR implicados en los CV. Los FR constitucionales más decisivos son la edad y el sexo, los étnico-raciales-geográficos y los polimorfismos genéticos. Los principales FR ocupacionales corresponden a exposiciones a aminas aromáticas e hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer vesical
Factores de riesgo genéticos
Epidemiología
Exposiciones ocupacionales
Aminas aromáticas
Hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos

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