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Vol. 66. Issue 2.
Pages 111-119 (March - April 2015)
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Vol. 66. Issue 2.
Pages 111-119 (March - April 2015)
Review article
Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome in Children: Beyond Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy
Síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño en el niño: más allá de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar
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Eduard Esteller
Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General de Catalunya, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Classification of the Diseases Causing OSAHS for Reasons Other Than Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy.
Table 2. Classification of Craniofacial Anomalies.
Table 3. Classification of Neuromuscular Diseases.
Table 4. Prevalence of OSAHS in Each Disease.
Table 5. Reasons for OSAHS in Each Disease.
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Abstract

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in the general childhood population is 1%–2% and the most common cause is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. However, beyond adenotonsillar hypertrophy, there are other highly prevalent causes of this syndrome in children. The causes are often multifactorial and include muscular hypotonia, dentofacial abnormalities, soft tissue hypertrophy of the airway, and neurological disorders. Collaboration between different specialties involved in the care of these children is essential, given the wide variability of conditions and how frequently different factors are involved in their genesis, as well as the different treatments to be applied. We carried out a wide literature review of other causes of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children, beyond adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We organized the prevalence of this syndrome in each pathology and the reasons that cause it, as well as their interactions and management, in a consistent manner.

Keywords:
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
Craniofacial anomalies
Neuromuscular diseases
Down syndrome
Prader–Willi syndrome
Arnold–Chiari malformation
Achondroplasia
Childhood epilepsy
Resumen

La prevalencia del síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño en la población infantil general es del 1–2% y su causa más frecuente es la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar. Las prevalencias en las otras causas de este síndrome, más allá de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar, son elevadas. En muchas de estas enfermedades los motivos por los que se genera el síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño son multifactoriales (hipotonía muscular, alteraciones dentofaciales, hipertrofia de tejidos blandos de la vía aérea, alteraciones neurológicas). Es fundamental la colaboración entre las diferentes especialidades implicadas, dada la gran variabilidad de enfermedades, la frecuente participación de diferentes factores en su génesis y los diferentes tratamientos que deben aplicarse. Se ha procedido a una amplia revisión bibliográfica de estas otras causas de síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño infantil, que van más allá de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar. Se han intentado ordenar de una forma coherente, a criterio del autor, revisando los aspectos más destacados con relación a la prevalencia de síndrome de la apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño en cada una de ellas, los motivos por los que provocan este síndrome, sus interacciones y manejo.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño infantil
Hipertrofia adenoamigdalar
Malformaciones craneofaciales
Enfermedades neuromusculares
Síndrome de Down
Síndrome de Prader-Willi
Malformación de Arnold-Chiari
Acondroplasia
Epilepsia infantil

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